Pretty small with Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam as the only territories of the U.S. Of the continental view, you could add Alaska and Hawaii also.
Yes. Each state has National Guard units.
Non-Federalized: State Governor -> State Adjutant General -> State National Guard Units Federalized: President of the United States of America -> Joint Chief of Staff -> State Adjutant General -> State National Guard Units
No, they are very different, primarily in that the National Guard has a state mission, while the Army Reserve is entirely federal. Additionally, the Army Reserve is almost entirely support units, save for a single infantry battalion, while the National Guard does consist of combat arms units.
Depends there are two national guard units the Army National Guard under overall authority of the U.S. Army and the Air National Guard under overall supervision of the U.S. Air Force
There are AGR (Active Guard and Reserve) personnel assigned to National Guard units. Some personnel are also on active duty status on Title 10 orders. As for National Guard units, there are no full time National Guard units, except when they are activated on orders by the state or federal government; but, there are full time National Guard personnel within some units, usually at larger armories.
New York State National Guard. 101st Signal Battalian Co. A
maintain National Guard units.
Each unit will be assigned to an armoury, and units out of that armoury will typically be from the immediate area. Each state has a National Guard (as does Puerto Rico).
On the state level, it is the governor. On the federal level, it is the president of the united states.
The Directed Mission Essential Task List (DMETL) are State Homeland Security tasks that are treated as a directed mission for National Guard units. The list is developed by the commander.
They governor doesn't request the National Guard - they order the National Guard. The statement is partially true, but still misleading. Typically, a County Sheriff will have the authority to activate National Guard units within their county or parish, or authority to activate the National Guard may sometimes be administered by the head of the state's Justice or Public Safety department, or by the state's Adjutant General, but the National Guard won't respond on their own.
Not exactly. The Governor can order the Guard to state emergencies. The state commander maintains it, usually a Colonel or higher rank like a General.