What is the relationship between nucleotides and nucleic acids?

Answer 1

Nucleotides are the actual physical molecular structures of the two nucleic acids i.e. DNA and RNA. Nucleotides have three separate molecular components a sugar DNA = deoxynucleic acid which means it has one less OH group than RNA = ribonucleic acid. RNA has two OH side groups attached to the pentose (five sided) hetero-cyclic closed ring while DNA has one OH- and one H+. The missing oxygen or oxo side group is used as a hydrolyzing agent (synthesis of one H2O molecule) for dissolving or adding the three types of phosphates groups (monophosphates = PO4-, diphosphates = P2O8-, and triphosphates = P3012-. The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the "backbone of the twisted double helix strands which are connected by the 2 purine and 3 pyrimidine bases. Standard Central Dogma has consistently demonstrated the purine nucleotide adenosine family bonds with the pyrimidine family thymidine, with two hydrogen bonds connecting the A+T covalent pair; in DNA the purine guanosine family has a triple bond with the pyrimidine Cytidine family i.e. G+C. In the current schema DNA ATGC substitutes a second partner for adenosine i.e. uricidine family replaces the thymidine family. The G+C triple bonded pairing stays the same in the RNA version of the genetic code. The DNA (ATGC) and RNA (AUGC) nucleic acids are the molecular structures which make up the "degenerate" 64 triplet i.e. 3 consecutive nucleotides = 1 codon. There are 64 codons in both the DNA and RNA genetic codes but my group Novagon DNA has spent the last nine years demonstrating the DNA/RNA Genetic Code is missing one purine family i.e. inosine family and nature's true three dimensional has six nucleotides or three pairs of covalent purine-pyrmidine pairings e.g. A1+T1, U1+ I1, C1+G1 and T2+A2, I2+C2, U2+G2. This combined dRNA code accounts for the mysterious wobble anti-codons pairings which are essential to the synthesis of the protein secondary structures which to date has been totally handled by the AUGC RNA code. Novagon's triple helix genetic code accounts for many unexplained transcription and translation events which occur in both 3' UTR and 5'UTR (untranslated protein exon gene sequences. i.e. alternative splice sites, A to I and C to U post transcriptional editing of original DNA template strands which totally contradicts the foundation of the Central Dogma Theory which declares a one way linear relationship of DNA to RNA to Protein Polypeptides. mRNA transcripts can be changed from the original DNA amino acid peptide synthesis "production request" if local conditions warrant amino acid substitutions which are highly likely to create SNP (single nucleotide polymorphic mutations) which underlie many genetic and metabolic disorders and diseases. DNA appears to be mainly responsible for faithful replication of gene sequences paramount for passing down phenotype instruction sets such that inheritance of genetic material from generation to generation is accurately encoded and decoded with minuscule mutational errors which often lead to expanded protein and enzyme functionality. RNA on the other hand is the active, operational processes involved in the nucleus, cytoplasm and extracellular matrix in making proteins, nucleic acids, and quite possibly carbohydrate and lipid macromolecules essential for cellular tissue, organ, and organismic or species health and fitness for continued phylogenetic growth and expansion. In a nutshell nucleotides are the actual atomic-molecular structures including the all important functional side groups which are the component building blocks for the DNA and RNA nucleic acids which in turn are the basis of the DNA and RNA genetic codes. It is quite ironic that only the base pairs (purine+pyrmidine) are used in the actual encoding and decoding of high throughput proteins, enzymes, hormones, and steroids which have never made a synthetic final product of genetically engineered prescription drugs or food crops which did not have serious adverse, unexpected side effects that frequently resulted in fatalities and inborn errors of metabolic mutations. Another related irony is how the class of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides were first synthesized by nature over a 2.1 to 3.5 billion year time frame. In purine synthesis de novo i.e. from scratch, the closed purine hetero-cyclic base was synthesized only after the PRPP sugar + phosphate components were already assembled. So nature's sugar, phosphate, base has been replaced by scientific man's base, sugar, phosphate order which might be having a significant impact even though the salvage (recycled) and catabolic degradation processes have increased the efficiency of anabolic synthesis and catabolic degradation of the nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino acids involved in the mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA transcription, translation, and ribosomal protein folding processes.

Answer 2

well a nucleic acid is a ling chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides. nucleotides even has three parts of its own. these parts are: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group, which contains phosphorus and oxygen atoms.

~there are two types of nucleic acids called deoxyribonucleic acid a.k.a. DNA and ribonucleic acid a.k.a. RNA. each type contains four kinds of nucleotides.

~DNA contains two strands of nucleotides and spiral around each other

~RNA may consist of a single strand of nucleotides or a based-paired nucleotides.(RNA plays many key roles in the manufacturing of proteins. it can also act as a enzyme and promote the chemical reactions that link amino acids to form proteins.)

*i hope this helped in a way!*