Mercapotoethanol is used as an antioxidant. Especially for polyphenolics which become insoluble when oxidised and tend to precipitate with the DNA. Sodium sulphite (1.2 g/L) does the same thing without the stink.
It is an antioxidant.
stabilization of phenol against oxidation
to remove tannins and polyphenols which are readily present in crude plant extracts
It sequester carbohydrates in the solution
the role seveg in plant DNA extractions is to remove chlorophyll and similar pigments
Carrier RNA is used in DNA isolation to help precipitate and recover DNA more efficiently. It acts as a carrier for the DNA during precipitation, helping to aggregate the DNA molecules together for ease of isolation. This improves DNA recovery and purity during the isolation process.
Potassium chloride is used in Tkm1 buffer to help maintain the appropriate ionic strength for DNA isolation. It helps to stabilize the DNA through proper salt concentration, assisting in the precipitation of DNA during the isolation process.
Sucrose is used in DNA isolation from human blood as a protective agent to help maintain the integrity of the DNA during the isolation process. It helps to stabilize the DNA by providing a protective barrier against enzymes and other degradation factors present in the blood sample. Additionally, sucrose can aid in the separation of DNA from other cellular components during the isolation procedure.
2-Mercaptoethanol is often included in extraction buffers designed for plant DNA extraction, because it is a strong reducing agent which can remove tannins and other polyphenols often present in the crude plant extract. It may also help to denature proteins by breaking disulphide bonds between cysteine residues.
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beta- merceptoethanol denatures the protein by breaking the sulphur bridges in it.
Chloroform is used in DNA isolation to separate the DNA from other cellular components like proteins and lipids. It helps in the denaturation of proteins, disrupting their structure and allowing the DNA to separate into the aqueous phase. Chloroform aids in the extraction and purification of DNA from the sample.