What is (was) Buddhism's attitude towards women?

Answer 1

Dhruv Tanwani concluded that

Importance and need of Social control-

1- To maintain the old order is essential for every group.. Family helps in the realization of this objective. The elder members of the family enforce their ideas over the children. In religious and cultural functions senior members of family influence the behavior of youngsters

2-To check maladjustment. Society is subject to change . New discoveries, new inventions, new philosophies continue to take birth in society. But all members have to adjusted, which is not automatically process but by guidelines of elders this progress takes place in family.

3-To provide social sanction-there are numbers of folkways, mores, traditions, patterns exist in society .Every individual has to follow them. if any member violates the rules ,he is compelled through social control to observe them.

4-To control individual behavior-Each and every person in family and society has different type of attitude ,thinking, ideology ,behavior patters. Even Same parents children have different ways of working. Therefore chances of clashing with other are more .Due to weapon f social control all members live peacefully together.

5-To eastablish social unity- Without this weapon of social control all members peacefully live together, is mere dream. Generally all family members behave in same manner when food or other religious activity take place.

6-To maintain permanency of the organization - there are some groups in society, which have great responsibilty to take efforts to make it permanent in nature. For example due to cultural clash inter caste marriage is not allowed in many families any member go against either has to leave that family.

Types of Social Control-

A -Direct and indirect control-According to Karl Menheim there are two types of control called Direct and indirect control. The direct control is done by near and dear ones or with whom we keep physical proximity. The parents neighborhood persons ,friends, teachers ,playgroup members are agencies of direct control With the help of suggestion, punishment, scolding crticism, appreciation ,reward this form does work. The control done by big organizations like police,law, state ,courts are form of indirect control.

2 -Positive and Negative control-According to Kimbal Young by positive control we mean control done by giving awards, appreciations, admiration, certificates etc.This can be seen in Military services and school. Positive control does not mean giving costly iteams to concerned persons. Giving piece of toffee to children do great work. The negative control consist physical punishment, fine, criticism ,isolation etc.Death sentence is example of physical punishment. For good work people get first type of awards and for disobeying rules they get punishment.

3 Informal and formal social controlThe social values that are present in individuals are products of informal social control. It is exercised by a society without explicitly stating these rules and is expressed through customs, norms, and mores. Individuals are socialized whether consciously or subconsciously. During informal sanctions, ridicule or criticism cause a straying towards norms. Through this form of socialization, the person will internalize these mores and norms. Traditional society uses mostly informal social control embedded in its customary culture relying on the socialization of its members to establish social order. More rigidly-structured societies may place increased reliance on formal mechanisms.

Informal sanctions may include ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion. This implied social control usually has more effect on individuals because they become internalized and thus an aspect of personality.

As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior (i.e., deviance). Informal controls are varied and differ from individual to individual, group to group and society to society. For example, at a women's institute meeting, a disapproving look might convey the message that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a criminal gang, on the other hand, a stronger sanction would be applied in the case of someone threatening to inform to the police.[3]

Formal social controlFormal social control is expressed through law as statutes, rules, and regulations against deviant behavior. It is conducted by government and organizations using law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment.[2] In democratic societies the goals and mechanisms of formal social control are determined through legislation by elected representatives and thus enjoy a measure of support from the population and voluntary compliance.

In short formal control is done by big and complicated organizations( law, court ,police, administration etc) while simple and less complicated societies have informal control arrangements(tradition, folkways, religion family etc).

4- Autocratic and democratic control-On the basis of political system Lapiear has classified it in term of Autocratic and democratic control. In communist and patriarchal or monarchical societies, autocratic control exist, where keeping one motto in minds people are exploited and controlled by administrative agencies .In democratic control ,people's own representatives solve the problems through public opinion, conversations, public appeals etc. In democracy control form is more flexible. The rule or administration which is not in favor of welfare of society are removed by common consent.

Mechanism of Social control-In sociology a mechanism is a set of rules designed to bring about a certain outcome through the interaction of a number of agents each of whom maximizes their own utility. Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... "Control's real name is bondage. The logical conclusion would be, if giving up some rights produces a better society, then by giving up all our rights we could produce a perfect society." -( Citizens' Rule Book)"Man is born into society just as an ant is born into its ant-hill or a bee into its hive; man is born into society from the very moment that he takes his first step toward humanity, from the moment that he becomes a human being that is, a being possessing to a greater or lesser extent the power of thought and speech. Man does not choose society; on the contrary, he is the product of the latter, and he is just as inevitably subject to the natural laws governing his essential development as to all the other natural laws which he must obey." - Mikhail Bakunin

"Society exists for the benefit of its members - not the members for the benefit of society." - Herbert Spencer

There are many ways which has been described by lapier to make social control more powerful; they are as follow-1-Control through physical punishment- In any political social system if any person dis-obeys the rules of state he is physically punished. Keeping person in jail or prison is example of physical punishment. Same way death sentence and boycotting by society are some examples of physical punishment.2- learners can recognize the direct effects of reward more easily than they can the effects of punishment; and (2) the by-products of reward are more favorable. For example, reward leads to liking the rewarded task, but punishment leads to dislike of the punished deed.Control through fine and reward.-In all the societies disobeying of rules are occurred. For this every society impose certain burdens on mankind. When these are financial in terms ,it is called fine. To encourage people to undertake desired activities ,which are making society in good shape, people get reward in form of money or prices etc.3-Social control through respect and crticism-Children learn most of their behaviors by associating them with consequences. If a child cries for a toy, he may get it (a pleasant consequence, a reward), or he may be punished for crying (an unpleasant consequence, a punishment). Either consequence, especially when repeated over time, can lead to a behavior pattern- the child cries when he wants something or he learns to hold back his crying. Pleasant consequences (rewards) are usually more effective behavior modifiers than unpleasant consequences (punishment). It is not only the type of reward, but also how it is used that determines how effective it will be. Rewards can be either tangible or intangible. Tangible rewards can include things like toys, books, favorite foods or other special gifts. At school it might be a sticker or a star on a good piece of work. For an older child, a financial reward is often a way of encouraging good behavior. Intangible rewards include praise, time with Mom or Dad for a special activity, or it can be something as simple as extra play, TV or computer time. Showing interest in completed work and projects, or in schoolwork in general are intangible rewards that can work.4- Social control through insulting and honoring- The reward must also be meaningful to the child. What we think of as a privilege for one child may in fact may be a punishment for another and vice versa. Staying in from recess may be punishment for the child who is outgoing, but may be a blessing in disguise for the shy child. Some dos and don'ts of using rewards and punishment include:

Reward only occasionally and vary the reward. Overuse leads to ineffectiveness.

Reward extra effort. When your child does more than expected, and is rewarded for it, the reward becomes motivation to continue to go beyond the call of duty. Same way insult a student in class is good punishment and give piece of pencil to another child is good honor.Means of social control-The personality of every person include two aspects ,namely I- internal ,which consist our ideas ,thinking, ideology, psychology, faiths etc and II- external aspect which is related with our external behavior. To control both aspects there are two types of control called informal and formal means of control. Informal means of control are family, play group ,religion, ,folkways, mores, customs, morals etc. Formal agencies of control are state laws ,educational organization ,propaganda, leadership ,etc. we will discuss on these points in detail.1-Family - The family fulfils many important functions in society, but the kinds of functions vary from one culture to another. In most societies, the family is the social unit into which children are born. The family also provides protection and training for the children. Human beings are born helpless and need care for several years after birth. Family life also helps children become familiar with the culture of their society.It is true family is first education institute of the society. Due to deep and reciprocal relationship among family members they are directly influence by each other. The day starts in family by various prayers and good wishes. Each member let others known that they are only well wishers .As family does sacrifice for other members so feeling of oneness works great. if some child does mischievous behavior with non-family members ,the affected people go to his family for complaint. It is very powerful means of control.2-Play group- age group and play group also control the all members. As membership of play group depends on similar goals ,therefore they directly give play instructions to each other. The more active and skillful in game is leader of the group ,therefore he gives training and other tips of game to junior or less trained persons. Play with discipline is first condition of the group. The discipline itself is means of control.3-Religion- Religion has been one of the most powerful forces in history. The teachings of religions have shaped the lives of people since prehistoric times. Judaism, Islam, and especially Christianity have been major influences in the formation of Western culture. These three faiths, particularly Islam, have also played a crucial role in the development of Middle Eastern culture. The cultures of Asia have been shaped by Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Shinto, and Taoism. Most religions have been influenced by older religions.In primitive societies this is the only means to control the behavior of members of community. In ancient societies even kings have ruled according to religious instructions. To follow moral values is related to religion. Even today court gives oath of religious book "Geeta" to persons who are at trial. The religion says involve own self in welfare activities so that person's rebirth will glorified. Religion is not only means of social control but it is also means of self control. In Hindus ,non vegetarian food is sin so one should avoid it. Therefore majority of Hindus do not like to have such food.4-Folways-these are recognized ways modes of behavior whicharise automatically with in a group. they are in general habits patterns of of the individuals and are common to a group.they are sanctioned and approved by society.No body tries to violate the rules of folkways.they are fundamentals for every group.A particular type food and dress should be used on particular day or function. During mourning period simple and white dress is preferable.Such dresses should be avoided at marriage parties.5 Mores-Mores have more rigidity than folkways.one can disobey folkways but one cannot disobey to mores. As mores has great role in establishing of marriage and family so ,it should strictly have to follow by such members. Mores have value judgment so always mould human behavior. They are instrument of control like Monogamy is mores.So no body can have more than one spouse during his life time. Mores are customs that reflect a society's ideas about right and wrong. Examples of mores include the prohibitions in many societies against murder, cannibalism, and incest (sexual relations between closely related persons). People who violate the mores of the society to which they belong face severe disapproval and punishment. The term mores comes from a Latin word that means customs.6-Customs-these are very strong means of control. Famous novelist Shakespeare has called it king of injustice, while Beckon has given it "name of chief judge of man's life" .Prohibition of inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage are some significant customs which are equally followed by educated families .7-Morals-Moral values play important role in society. Kind heart ,non-violence,justice,, speaking truth, respect to elders and helpful attitude are bsics of morals.these are means of self control.Informal means-8-State laws- Law is the set of enforced rules under which a society is governed. Law is one of the most basic social institutions--and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others. Nor could a society exist if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations toward one another. The law thus establishes the rules that define a person's rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules, and it states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties. However, the laws enforced by government can be changed. In fact, laws frequently are changed to reflect changes in a society's needs and attitudes.This is very powerful tool of control. Law decides duties and rights of the person. The Anti social activities are well controlled by this way. Law means combination of Government ,police ,courts, and other local administration. Sometimes law also takes help from folkways and mores.9-Educational system-Schools and other educational systems play good role in controlling concerned people .In ancient times during Brahimcharya students an teachers had direct relations like family. and informal control was there. but now due to developed system of education there is formal control over students.10-Propogenda-Through this means repetition of requests and appeals influenced man perfectly.The way of expressing thoughts through TV and other electronic means are very attractive and polite.During election how people go for propogenda.This is psychological tool of controlling.11-Leadership- A leader of image has power to impress masses. This is the reason why various political parties called big leaders for election camping. Leader are not only political but ,they can be seen in every field. Leaders motivate the public for particular behavior .Religious leaders attracts crowd in their camps and tents. Medha Patekar and Kiran Bedi are some social leaders.Leadership is important in keeping the group working together and directing it to act in a certain way. Leadership skill is particularly important when conflicts arise. Leaders must use all their human relations skills to accommodate conflicting interests within their group. A group usually responds to its leader because it respects the leader's wisdom or experience or agrees with his or her opinion.dhruv tanwani ,Sociologist RanchiUnit II concept 4 Social Control

Every society must have harmony and unity. without it no society actually could remain in existence. To maintain the society effectively ,it needs some rules and regulation. in other words behavior patters for members are essential. To obey and follow these rules and regulation society needs its implementation. There are various ways to implement such things. In other words we can say some special type of behavior is expected from members of society. Such expected or controlled behavior is called social control.

Social control means , control of individual behavior by society, and that control of social institutions should be in the interest and welfare of the whole society. Some warnings and directions of prohibited activities, are an example of social control

Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliances to the rules of a given society or social group. Many mechanisms of social control are cross-cultural, if only in the control mechanisms used to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie. Some theorists, such as Emile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation.

Definitions of Social Control.

When we use this word, the ideas which generally comes in mind is of police .court ,law, force, prison of force and harassment. But in sociological term it is used in broader sense. Social control has been defined by MacIver as "the way in which entire social order coheres and maintain itself-how it operates as a whole ,as a changing equilibrium."1(Society p137)

To Ogburn and Nimkoff;"the patterns of pressure which a society exerts to maintain order and established rules ."

Landis defines social control,"as a social process by which individualis made group -responsive ,and by which social organization is built and maintained." (Social Control.p.4)

Lumely expresses social control,"as the practice of putting forth directive, stimuli or wish-patterns, their accurate transmission to and adoptionby,other whethe voluntarily or in voluntarily."(Means of Socila control.p13.)

On the basis of above definition it is cleared that social control is different from concept of self control. To undrstand more this concept. there are three important things to learn.

1- social control is an influence ,which may be exerted through various means of control like public opinion, force, public appeal, social ,religious organizations.

2- This influence should be implemented by society-there are so many groups who exercise this influence, like family, trade union church ,state, school ,neighborhood, clubs, religious groups etc.

3- The influence should be exercised for promoting the welfare and interest of the entire group.

Sociologists identify two basic forms of social controls

1. Internalization of norms and values, and

2. The use of sanctions, which can be either positive (rewards) or negative (punishment).

Applications of social control theoryAccording to the Propaganda model theory, the leaders of modern, corporate-dominated societies employ indoctrination as a means of social control. Theorists such as Noam Chomsky have argued that systematic bias exists in the modern media.[4] The marketing, advertising, and public relations industries have thus been said to utilize mass communications to aid the interests of certain business elites. Powerful economic and religious lobbyists have often used school systems and centralized electronic communications to influence public opinion. Democracy is restricted as the majority is not given the information necessary to make rational decisions about ethical, social, environmental, or economic issues.

In order to maintain control and regulate their subjects, authoritarian organizations and governments promulgate rules and issue decrees. However, due to a lack of popular support for enforcement, these entities may rely more on force and other severe sanctions such as censorship, expulsion and limits on political freedom. Some totalitarian governments, such as the late Soviet Union or the current North Korea, rely on the mechanisms of the police state.

Sociologists consider informal means of social control vital in maintaining public order, but also recognize the necessity of formal means as societies become more complex and for responding to emergencies. The study of social control falls primarily within the academic disciplines of Anthropology, political science, and sociology.

Importace and need of Social control-

1- To maintain the old order is essential for every group.. Family helps in the realization of this objective. The elder members of the family enforce their ideas over the children. In religious and cultural functions senior members of family influence the behavior of youngers.

2-To check maladjustment. Society is subject to change . New discoveries, new inventions, new philosophies continue to take birth in society. But all members have to adjusted, which is not automatically process but by guidelines of elders this progress takes place in family.

3-To provide social sanction-there are numbers of folkways, mores, traditions, patterns exist in society .Every individual has to follow them. if any member violates the rules ,he is compelled through social control to observe them.

4-To control individual behavior-Each and every person in family and society has different type of attitude ,thinking, ideology ,behavior patters. Even Same parents children have different ways of working. Therefore chances of clashing with other are more .Due to weapon f social control all members live peacefully together.

5-To eastablishsocial unity- Without this weapon of social control all members peacefully live together, is mere dream. Generally all family members behave in same manner when food or other religious activity take place.

6-To maintain permanency of the organization - there are some groups in society, which have great responsibilty to take efforts to make it permanent in nature. For example due to cultural clash inter caste marriage is not allowed in many families.If any member go against it,he has to leave that family.

Types of Social Control-

A-Direct and indirect control-According to Karl Menheim there are two types of control called Direct and indirect control. The direct control is done by near and dear ones or with whom we keep physical proximity. The parents neighborhood persons ,friends, teachers ,playgroup members are agencies of direct control With the help of suggestion, punishment, scolding crticism, appreciation ,reward this form does work. The control done by big organizations like police,law, state ,courts are form of indirect control.

B-Positive and Negative control-According to Kimbal Young by positive control we mean control done by giving awards, appreciations, admiration, certificates etc.This can be seen in Military services and school. Positive control does not mean giving costly iteams to concerned persons. Giving piece of toffee to children do great work. The negative control consist physical punishment, fine, criticism ,isolation etc.Death sentence is example of physical punishment. For good work people get first type of awards and for disobeying rules they get punishment.

C-Informal and formal social controlThe social values that are present in individuals are products of informal social control. It is exercised by a society without explicitly stating these rules and is expressed through customs, norms, and mores. Individuals are socialized whether consciously or subconsciously. During informal sanctions, ridicule or criticism cause a straying towards norms. Through this form of socialization, the person will internalize these mores and norms. Traditional society uses mostly informal social control embedded in its customary culture relying on the socialization of its members to establish social order. More rigidly-structured societies may place increased reliance on formal mechanisms.

Informal sanctions may include ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion. This implied social control usually has more effect on individuals because they become internalized and thus an aspect of personality.

As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior (i.e., deviance). Informal controls are varied and differ from individual to individual, group to group and society to society. For example, at a women's institute meeting, a disapproving look might convey the message that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a criminal gang, on the other hand, a stronger sanction would be applied in the case of someone threatening to inform to the police.[3]

Formal social controlFormal social control is expressed through law as statutes, rules, and regulations against deviant behavior. It is conducted by government and organizations using law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment.[2] In democratic societies the goals and mechanisms of formal social control are determined through legislation by elected representatives and thus enjoy a measure of support from the population and voluntary compliance.

In short formal control is done by big and complicated organizations( law, court ,police, administration etc) while simple and less complicated societies have informal control arrangements(tradition, folkways, religion family etc).

4- Autocratic and democratic control-On the basis of political system Lapiear has classified it in term of Autocratic and democratic control. In communist and patriarchal or monarchical societies, autocratic control exist, where keeping one motto in minds people are exploited and controlled by administrative agencies .In democratic control ,people's own representatives solve the problems through public opinion, conversations, public appeals etc. In democracy control form is more flexible. The rule or administration which is not in favor of welfare of society are removed by common consent.

Mechanism of Social control-In sociology a mechanism is a set of rules designed to bring about a certain outcome through the interaction of a number of agents each of whom maximizes their own utility. Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... "Control's real name is bondage. The logical conclusion would be, if giving up some rights produces a better society, then by giving up all our rights we could produce a perfect society." -( Citizens' Rule Book)"Man is born into society just as an ant is born into its ant-hill or a bee into its hive; man is born into society from the very moment that he takes his first step toward humanity, from the moment that he becomes a human being that is, a being possessing to a greater or lesser extent the power of thought and speech. Man does not choose society; on the contrary, he is the product of the latter, and he is just as inevitably subject to the natural laws governing his essential development as to all the other natural laws which he must obey." - Mikhail Bakunin

"Society exists for the benefit of its members - not the members for the benefit of society." - Herbert Spencer

There are many ways which has been described by lapier to make social control more powerful; they are as follow-1-Control through physical punishment- In any political social system if any person dis-obeys the rules of state he is physically punished. Keeping person in jail or prison is example of physical punishment. Same way death sentence and boycotting by society are some examples of physical punishment.2- learners can recognize the direct effects of reward more easily than they can the effects of punishment; and (2) the by-products of reward are more favorable. For example, reward leads to liking the rewarded task, but punishment leads to dislike of the punished deed.Control through fine and reward.-In all the societies disobeying of rules are occurred. For this every society impose certain burdens on mankind. When these are financial in terms ,it is called fine. To encourage people to undertake desired activities ,which are making society in good shape, people get reward in form of money or prices etc.3-Social control through respect and crticism-Children learn most of their behaviors by associating them with consequences. If a child cries for a toy, he may get it (a pleasant consequence, a reward), or he may be punished for crying (an unpleasant consequence, a punishment). Either consequence, especially when repeated over time, can lead to a behavior pattern- the child cries when he wants something or he learns to hold back his crying. Pleasant consequences (rewards) are usually more effective behavior modifiers than unpleasant consequences (punishment). It is not only the type of reward, but also how it is used that determines how effective it will be. Rewards can be either tangible or intangible. Tangible rewards can include things like toys, books, favorite foods or other special gifts. At school it might be a sticker or a star on a good piece of work. For an older child, a financial reward is often a way of encouraging good behavior. Intangible rewards include praise, time with Mom or Dad for a special activity, or it can be something as simple as extra play, TV or computer time. Showing interest in completed work and projects, or in schoolwork in general are intangible rewards that can work.4- Social control through insulting and honoring- The reward must also be meaningful to the child. What we think of as a privilege for one child may in fact may be a punishment for another and vice versa. Staying in from recess may be punishment for the child who is outgoing, but may be a blessing in disguise for the shy child. Some dos and don'ts of using rewards and punishment include:

Reward only occasionally and vary the reward. Overuse leads to ineffectiveness.

Reward extra effort. When your child does more than expected, and is rewarded for it, the reward becomes motivation to continue to go beyond the call of duty. Same way insult a student in class is good punishment and give piece of pencil to another child is good honor.Means of social control-The personality of every person include two aspects ,namely I- internal ,which consist our ideas ,thinking, ideology, psychology, faiths etc and II- external aspect which is related with our external behavior. To control both aspects there are two types of control called informal and formal means of control. Informal means of control are family, play group ,religion, ,folkways, mores, customs, morals etc. Formal agencies of control are state laws ,educational organization ,propaganda, leadership ,etc. we will discuss on these points in detail.1-Family - The family fulfils many important functions in society, but the kinds of functions vary from one culture to another. In most societies, the family is the social unit into which children are born. The family also provides protection and training for the children. Human beings are born helpless and need care for several years after birth. Family life also helps children become familiar with the culture of their society.It is true family is first education institute of the society. Due to deep and reciprocal relationship among family members they are directly influence by each other. The day starts in family by various prayers and good wishes. Each member let others known that they are only well wishers .As family does sacrifice for other members so feeling of oneness works great. if some child does mischievous behavior with non-family members ,the affected people go to his family for complaint. It is very powerful means of control.2-Play group- age group and play group also control the all members. As membership of play group depends on similar goals ,therefore they directly give play instructions to each other. The more active and skillful in game is leader of the group ,therefore he gives training and other tips of game to junior or less trained persons. Play with discipline is first condition of the group. The discipline itself is means of control.3-Religion- Religion has been one of the most powerful forces in history. The teachings of religions have shaped the lives of people since prehistoric times. Judaism, Islam, and especially Christianity have been major influences in the formation of Western culture. These three faiths, particularly Islam, have also played a crucial role in the development of Middle Eastern culture. The cultures of Asia have been shaped by Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Shinto, and Taoism. Most religions have been influenced by older religions.In primitive societies this is the only means to control the behavior of members of community. In ancient societies even kings have ruled according to religious instructions. To follow moral values is related to religion. Even today court gives oath of religious book "Geeta" to persons who are at trial. The religion says involve own self in welfare activities so that person's rebirth will glorified. Religion is not only means of social control but it is also means of self control. In Hindus ,non vegetarian food is sin so one should avoid it. Therefore majority of Hindus do not like to have such food.4-Folways-these are recognized ways modes of behavior whicharise automatically with in a group. they are in general habits patterns of of the individuals and are common to a group.they are sanctioned and approved by society.No body tries to violate the rules of folkways.they are fundamentals for every group.A particular type food and dress should be used on particular day or function. During mourning period simple and white dress is preferable.Such dresses should be avoided at marriage parties.5 Mores-Mores have more rigidity than folkways.one can disobey folkways but one cannot disobey to mores. As mores has great role in establishing of marriage and family so ,it should strictly have to follow by such members. Mores have value judgment so always mould human behavior. They are instrument of control like Monogamy is mores.So no body can have more than one spouse during his life time. Mores are customs that reflect a society's ideas about right and wrong. Examples of mores include the prohibitions in many societies against murder, cannibalism, and incest (sexual relations between closely related persons). People who violate the mores of the society to which they belong face severe disapproval and punishment. The term mores comes from a Latin word that means customs.6-Customs-these are very strong means of control. Famous novelist Shakespeare has called it king of injustice, while Beckon has given it "name of chief judge of man's life" .Prohibition of inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage are some significant customs which are equally followed by educated families .7-Morals-Moral values play important role in society. Kind heart ,non-violence,justice,, speaking truth, respect to elders and helpful attitude are bsics of morals.these are means of self control.Informal means-8-State laws- Law is the set of enforced rules under which a society is governed. Law is one of the most basic social institutions--and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others. Nor could a society exist if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations toward one another. The law thus establishes the rules that define a person's rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules, and it states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties. However, the laws enforced by government can be changed. In fact, laws frequently are changed to reflect changes in a society's needs and attitudes.This is very powerful tool of control. Law decides duties and rights of the person. The Anti social activities are well controlled by this way. Law means combination of Government ,police ,courts, and other local administration. Sometimes law also takes help from folkways and mores.9-Educational system-Schools and other educational systems play good role in controlling concerned people .In ancient times during Brahimcharya students an teachers had direct relations like family. and informal control was there. but now due to developed system of education there is formal control over students.10-Propogenda-Through this means repetition of requests and appeals influenced man perfectly way of expressing thoughts through TV and other electronic means are very attractive and polite.During election how people go for propogenda.This is psychological tool of controlling.11-Leadership- A leader of image has power to impress masses. This is the reason why various political parties called big leaders for election camping. Leader are not only political but ,they can be seen in every field. Leaders motivate the public for particular behavior .Religious leaders attracts crowd in their camps and tents. Medha Patekar and Kiran Bedi are some social leaders.Leadership is important in keeping the group working together and directing it to act in a certain way. Leadership skill is particularly important when conflicts arise. Leaders must use all their human relations skills to accommodate conflicting interests within their group. A group usually responds to its leader because it respects the leader's wisdom or experience or agrees with his or her opinion.