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The membrane inside the thylakoid of the chloroplast pumps H+ ions from the outside compartment (stroma) to the inside (lumen). This builds the gradient. The electrons are pumped using energy released from a high energy electron which was energized through light absorption. This electron comes from the breakdown of water.
Cells often use an electron transport chain to separate electrons from hydrogen protons. The hydrogen protons are then used during chemiosmosis. A hydrogen ion gradient is formed and the hydrogen ions flow through the ATP synthetase molecule to the other side of the membrane. Hydrogen ions accumulate outside the inner mitochondrial membrane during cell respiration and in the inner membrane space of the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. Bacteria use the outside plasma membrane as the surface to build up the hydrogen ion gradient. Therefore the energy from food is transferred to hydrogen ions, and the hydrogen ions transfer the energy to ATP via the ATP synthetase enzyme. In this discussion you should include a discussion of the solar powered purple proton pump and the information found in Figures 6-10, 6-11, 6-12, 6-A, and 8-12 (p. 169). Chemiosmosis is critical in ATP production in eukaryote cells as well as most prokaryote cells.
it is caused by the hydrogen ion flow across the membrane.
Diffusion and it does not have to be through a semi permeable membrane.
The resting membrane potential
They move hydrogen ions in the thylakoid.
The thylakoid
also referred to as "Chemiosmotic Synthesis of ATP", hydrogen ions are removed from one side of the membrane to another. (inside to out), generating a proton gradient across the membrane. So we have a high concn of H+ ions outside the cell membrane. This causes the H+ ions in urgent need to get back inside with diffusion, thus protons move across membrane through special channels. Their passage drives the synthesis of ATP as well. btw this is also Active Transport. (ATP from cell is required).
Hydrogen Ions
The membrane inside the thylakoid of the chloroplast pumps H+ ions from the outside compartment (stroma) to the inside (lumen). This builds the gradient. The electrons are pumped using energy released from a high energy electron which was energized through light absorption. This electron comes from the breakdown of water.
These impulses are called Nerve impulse. Nerve impulse is wave of electrochemical change tha travels along the length of neuron. Electrical potentail of neuron when it is in unstimulated condition is -70 millivolts. In this state outside the membrane of neuron, concentration of positive ions is more than the inside of membrane. Inside the membrane potassium ions are more than sodium ions while outside the membrane sodium ions are more than the potassium ions present there. This balance is maintained by sodium-potassium pumps through which three sodium ions move outside and two potassium ions move inside the membrane at a time. During this activity ATPase (enzyme) breaks down the ATP into ADP and phosphate then energy is released. When a neuron is stimulated, stimulus causes its membrane to depolirized (sodium ions move inside and potassium ions move outside the membrane). The adjacent parts of membrane are also affected by this depolarization. The change travels along the neuron while the prior parts of membrane return to their original state.
once hydrogen ions are outside the membrane they are allowed to flow back in. this flow is changed to energy that is stored in the bonds of new molecules.
chemiosmosis is the method of ATP production in living organisms due to movement of hydrogen ions via proton protein pumps in a membrane. It involves the use of the enzyme ATP synthetase
The movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane.
transport protieins may act as pumps moving ions or small molecules in either direction acroos the plasma membrane
Cells often use an electron transport chain to separate electrons from hydrogen protons. The hydrogen protons are then used during chemiosmosis. A hydrogen ion gradient is formed and the hydrogen ions flow through the ATP synthetase molecule to the other side of the membrane. Hydrogen ions accumulate outside the inner mitochondrial membrane during cell respiration and in the inner membrane space of the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. Bacteria use the outside plasma membrane as the surface to build up the hydrogen ion gradient. Therefore the energy from food is transferred to hydrogen ions, and the hydrogen ions transfer the energy to ATP via the ATP synthetase enzyme. In this discussion you should include a discussion of the solar powered purple proton pump and the information found in Figures 6-10, 6-11, 6-12, 6-A, and 8-12 (p. 169). Chemiosmosis is critical in ATP production in eukaryote cells as well as most prokaryote cells.
it is caused by the hydrogen ion flow across the membrane.