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Penicillin weakens the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall by interfering with the final linking of the peptidoglycan rows by peptide cross bridges.

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Q: What specific bacterial cell structure do penicillin drugs target?
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What cell structure does penicillin target?

Cell Wall


Why do antibiotics work against bacteria and not viruses?

Antibiotics disrupt bacterial cell processes that result in either killing the bacteria, preventing it from reproducing, or preventing it from causing symptoms in humans. For example: penicillin disrupts the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall in mostly gram positive bacteria. This prevents the growth of the target bacteria. Any gram negative bacteria will be unaffected by penicillin because they have a different process of synthesizing cell walls that is not disrupted by penicillin. Viruses don't even have a cell wall, they have a protein coat and sometimes an envelope. Neither of these are affected by penicillin. So antibiotics target specific processes that only occur in specific types of bacteria, so each antibiotic will only work on some bacteria and never on viruses. The virus version of antibiotics are called interferon, they disrupt processes that are specific to viruses.


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Why do antibiotics kill bacteria and not human cells?

Because bacterial cells and human cells aren't the same. Penicillin works by interfering with how bacterial cell walls are built, and human cells don't have bacterial cell walls. (Turns out all bacterial cells aren't the same, either, but penicillin works against a lot of them.) One of the challenges in medicine is finding antibiotics that work against bacteria's biology, but that don't interfere with human biology. This is called selectivity. It's a really important principle of medications against all infections (you want the drug to selectively kill the infecting organism instead of your own cells) and against cancer, too (you want the drug to selectively kill the cancer cells instead of the healthy ones).


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What group of antibiotics would mycoplasma be resistant to?

Mycoplasma lack cell walls. Therefore, any antibiotic that targets the cell wall of bacteria would be ineffective to mycoplasma. Examples are beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin. Beta-lactam antibiotics target the synthesis of peptidoglycan, an important component of the bacterial cell wall.


What is the difference of a point target and an area target?

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Does target capital structure exclude preferred stock?

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Target cells are equipped with specific receptor molecules?

Target cells are equipped with specific receptor molecules and may occur in any part of the body. ACTH has target cells that are in the adrenal cortex.