That God is one and has created the world and given free-will and holds us responsible for our actions.
If it's in the Torah, it's basic to Judaism.
The Torah
Yes, the Torah is the basic text of Judaism, containing its beliefs and laws.
Idealism Realism Pragmatism Existentialism
The entire content of the Torah.
All of the commands in the Torah.
No prophet revealed the basic laws of faith in judaism. Jewish tradition holds that G-d revealed the basic laws directly to the people at Mt. Sinai, in Egypt.
That God exists and gave the Torah.
Jews were the most affected by Judaism. To a lesser extent, Christianity and Islam either developed from or borrowed certain moral principles from Judaism. Christianity is the basis of most modern moral philosophies used by the Western Nations, today. More than half the world accept Judeo-Christian Ethics and Morality.
I've attached links for a couple of glossaries of Jewish words and concepts.
That is the correct spelling of the plural of philosophy, which is "philosophies."
One of the most basic beliefs of Judaism is that God exists and is not physical.