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Diocletian did not need to save the Roman Empire. The empire had already been saved earlier by Aurelian who defeated various peoples who were invading it (the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi) and reunited it by defeating two breakaway parts of the empire: Palmyrene Empire and the Gallic Empire.

Diocletian realised that one man could not rule the Roman Empire on his own. There were conflicts in virtually every province of the empire. Therefore, he created what historians have called the tetrarchy (rule by four). In 285 he created a co-emperorship with himself in charge of the eastern part of the empire and his fellow general Maximian in charge of the western part. He designated Nicomedia (in north-western Turkey) as the imperial capital of the eastern part and Milan (in northern Italy) as the imperial capital of the western part. In 293 Diocletian appointed two junior emperors (Caesars) who were subordinates of the two senior ones (Augusti). Constantius was put in charge of Gaul (in the western part of the empire) and Galerius was put in charge European territories in the eastern part of the empire (the Balkan Peninsula). With this arrangement Diocletian was in Charge of the Roman territories in Asia and Egypt and eastern Libya and Maximian was in charge of Italy, Spain and Portugal and north-western Africa. The task of the two junior emperors was to defend the most troubled parts of the Roman frontiers: the river Rhine in the west and the river Danube in the east. Augusta Trevorum (Triers) in Gaul and Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) in Serbia were also designated as imperial capitals as the seats of the two Caesars.

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