What was the system of power in Europe after the middle ages?

Answer 1

In most of Europe, the system of government was monarchy. The economic system was manorialism. Feudalism was a specific type of manorialism that included a distributed power system with a weak central government. Manorialism never spread to Scandinavia, and was not based on serfdom in England and Scotland for the whole time.

There were other forms of government in used during the Middle Ages. Much of Italy was republican during much of the Middle Ages. The Republic of Venice was founded very early, possibly in the 8th century, and remained a republic. Genoa and Florence also had republican governments. There were wealthy people in these areas, and many of them had villas, but they were not based on manorialism.

There were other, non governmental, systems that exercised a great deal of authority. The Hanseatic League got its beginnings with merchant guilds, but ended up as an international organization with its own military, and made its own treaties with governments.

The Church was always a power of sorts. It did not exercise power through armies the crusades being called by, but not under the control of, the Church. Nevertheless, the Church exercised moral authority in ways that had powerful impact on the rulers of nations. A monarch who was excommunicated could find himself losing his support from allies and vassals very quickly.