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Constantine the Great did not found New Rome. This was one of the titles which was given to the city of Constantinople.

Ancient historians did not actually clarify why Constantine the Great moved the capital of the eastern part of the Roman Empire from Nicomedia (in north-western Turkey) to the nearby Greek city of Byzantium, which he redeveloped and renamed Constantinople (City of Constantine) in 330. One reason might have been that Nicomedia had been designated as the imperial capital of the eastern part of the Roman Empire by the emperor Diocletian who had unleashed the Great Persecution of Christians.

A highly likely reason was Propaganda, which Constantine was very good at. He even invented a fictitious descent from the family of a previous emperor to give legitimacy to his quest for power. A new capital named after himself would give him further prestige and act as a symbol of the new dawn for the empire his rule would usher in. The city was also given titles such as "The New, second Rome,' 'Eastern Rome,' 'Alma Roma,' and 'Roma Constantinopolitana.' Byzantium has seven hills like Rome. This created a similarity with Rome and justified the titles mentioned above.

Originally Constantine considered Sirmium (in modern day Serbia) for his new capital. Then he opted for Byzantium. Other factors may have helped this choice. This city was on the route between Europe and Asia like Nicomedia, but it was in a better strategic position. The roads from south-Western Europe to Asia converged there. It was on the Bosporus, the strait between Europe and Asia, and between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Therefore, it also controlled the naval route between these two seas. It was also a city easy to defend. It was on a promontory into the Bosporus. Therefore, it had water on two sides. The Golden Horn, an inlet of the Bosporus meant that there was water on the third side as well. The hilly terrain helped to defend the part of the city which was not on the seafront or by the Golden Horn.

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