The heat would stay in the pot and if you don't watch the boiling water it could over-boil. Other than that, nothing would really happen.
If the lid is tight enough to raise the pressure in the pan (as in a pressure cooker), the boiling temperature will be higher. However, if the lid just sits loosely on top, it will make the water boil sooner because not as much heat is lost and the water heats up faster.
Water will evaporate faster with alid on the pan, this is simple rule of kinetic energy
Nothing
It is like a planes wing, it causes the molecules on the top of the lid to want to "run" away from the burning steam, so they move vertically away. Some of those molecules will have some sort of slight attractive force with the lid, wether it be magnetic or so on, and if enough of them have enough attraction to the lid, then it will lift up
The heat causes a slight expansion of the lid, which relieves pressure of the lid against the jar.
The lid is cooler than the steam (water vapor) produced by boiling the water. When the water vapor contacts that cooler surface, it condenses into liquid water.
air is escaping. boiling veg in water causes air bubbles to be formed, which pressurize the lid up. Jimmy Neutron
If the lid is tight enough to raise the pressure in the pan (as in a pressure cooker), the boiling temperature will be higher. However, if the lid just sits loosely on top, it will make the water boil sooner because not as much heat is lost and the water heats up faster.
Glass is a great conductor of heat but it doesn't hold it long. If you were to stick 212o (Fahrenheit) water into a glass jar it would begin bringing the glass jar to the same temperature as the water on the inside very quickly (equilibrium). It also begins building pressure, so If a lid is on the jar it could potentially explode the jar sending boiling liquid and glass shards everywhere.
As some of the water passed its temperature of vaporization and turned to steam, steam pressure inside the cup would steadily increase, and would eventually exceed the structural integrity of the cup, whereupon the experiment would suddenly and catastrophically metamorphose into a dangerous mess.
Water will evaporate faster with alid on the pan, this is simple rule of kinetic energy
The lid will come off because as the water heats up it expands and turns to steam. This pushes the air inside upwards so forcing the lid to rise.
the pressure inside the pot will build up and pop the lid off
Not much will happen if you put a glass bottle containing teaspoonful of water in it in the sun with its lid closed. It might evaporate.
Glass container with lid like peanut butter jar and boiling hot water
Fit a lid or reduce the heat Evaporation rate will actually increase if you boil water at increased pressure as the vapour pressure, to achieve boiling, must increase to that pressure.
If the lid formed a seal, it should sag from the outside pressure.