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Prior to the Babylonian Exile in the sixth century BCE, Jewish people believed in an afterlife state called 'sheol'. There was no punishment of sins or reward for good works or faith, just a spiritual state similar to semiconsciousness. That is why the early Old Testament stories had God punish wrongdoers in their earthly lives. Then, at precisely the time when the exiled Jews made contact with the Persians, some began to adopt the concept of paradise and hell.

Up until the Christian era, there continued to be division among the Jews, with the Sadducees rejecting many of the new concepts being adopting by Judaism, while the Pharisees were much more progressive and supported the ideas of heaven and hell. Some believe that Pharisee is a corruption for Farsi, the ancient name for Persian.

If Judaism was likely to have adopted the concept of hell from their Persian benefactors, the , as to when this concept was first taught, will come from the Persians themselves. Scholars tell us that the founder of Zoroastrianism, Zarathushtra, taught the concepts of paradise and hell, probably sometime before 1700 BCE. The Zoroastrian religion spread from its source in southern Russia, through eastern Iran, until it finally reached the Persians and Medes in western Iran sometime around 700 BCE.

So, the concept of hell appears to be at least as old as Zoroastrianism, and to have been taught prior to 1700 BCE. Whether the concept of hell predates even Zoroastrianism is not clearly established.

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Q: When was hell first taught?
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