Opsonization
which one of the following strands od DNA in the complement strand to c-c-a-t-c-g
If a microbe can prevent the activation of C3 in the complement cascade, it would likely evade the host immune response and avoid being targeted for destruction. This evasion strategy could help the microbe establish infection and cause disease without being effectively eliminated by the immune system.
The alternative pathway of complement activation is a part of the immune system that helps to identify and destroy harmful pathogens. It is a rapid and efficient process that can be activated without the need for specific antibodies. This pathway plays a crucial role in the early stages of the immune response by enhancing inflammation, promoting phagocytosis, and directly killing pathogens.
The classical pathway is part of the innate immune response and is activated by specific molecules on pathogens. The alternative pathway is also part of the innate immune response but is activated by different molecules. Both pathways lead to the activation of the complement system, which helps to eliminate pathogens from the body.
There is no straight forward relation between enzyme and activation energy because although energy of reaction is fixed and is governed by laws of chemistry but for biochemical reactions concentration of enzyme and conc. of substrate affect rate of reaction and energy, but in general enzymes decrease activation energy of reaction.
Factor B is the key complement protein that helps activate the alternative pathway of complement activation. It forms a complex with Factor D and is cleaved by Factor D to produce the active fragment, which leads to further activation of the alternative pathway.
activation of the complement via the alternative pathway
C2a
Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) acts as a cofactor for Factor I, which degrades C3b and C4b proteins, thus preventing the amplification of complement activation. By accelerating the decay of C3 convertases, MCP helps regulate the complement system and protect host cells from excessive complement-mediated damage.
Activation effect is the effect of spontaneous reactions that release energy. When reactants mix and produce a series of chemical potential energies, the outcome of the reaction results into an activation effect due to the reactions.
complement fixation and activation of the antibody
neutralization of the antigen, agglutination or precipitation, and complement activation.
It does not rely on activation by antibodies.
Complement activation is a cascade of proteins in the immune system that helps to opsonize pathogens for phagocytosis, recruit inflammatory cells, and directly lyse target cells. It can be activated through three pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative pathways, and plays a critical role in innate immunity.
complement
direct
Costs are paid on activation of the effect.