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Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation?
Factor B is the key complement protein that helps activate the alternative pathway of complement activation. It forms a complex with Factor D and is cleaved by Factor D to produce the active fragment, which leads to further activation of the alternative pathway.
How does membrane cofactor protein stop complement activation?
Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) acts as a cofactor for Factor I, which degrades C3b and C4b proteins, thus preventing the amplification of complement activation. By accelerating the decay of C3 convertases, MCP helps regulate the complement system and protect host cells from excessive complement-mediated damage.
Why IGM is so much efficient in activating complement than IgG?
IgM is more efficient in activating complement than IgG because of its larger size and pentameric structure, which allows for more binding sites and better clustering of complement proteins. This leads to a more robust activation of the complement cascade and increased inflammation and opsonization.
Which immune response would not occur when staphylococcus aureus enters the bloodstream?
The specific immune response that may not occur when Staphylococcus aureus enters the bloodstream is the activation of the complement system. This response involves a series of proteins that help to eliminate invading microorganisms, but certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus possess proteins that can inhibit or evade complement activation, allowing the bacterium to evade immune detection and destruction.
What does having an elevated C3 and C4 complement mean?
Having an elevated C3 and C4 complement levels may suggest inflammation or activation of the immune system. It can be seen in conditions such as autoimmune diseases, infections, or certain cancers. Further evaluation by a healthcare provider is important to determine the underlying cause.
Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation?
Factor B is the key complement protein that helps activate the alternative pathway of complement activation. It forms a complex with Factor D and is cleaved by Factor D to produce the active fragment, which leads to further activation of the alternative pathway.
What is a mechanism of nonspecific resistance?
activation of the complement via the alternative pathway
Does C2a or C2b bind C4b in classical pathway of complement activation?
C2a
How does membrane cofactor protein stop complement activation?
Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) acts as a cofactor for Factor I, which degrades C3b and C4b proteins, thus preventing the amplification of complement activation. By accelerating the decay of C3 convertases, MCP helps regulate the complement system and protect host cells from excessive complement-mediated damage.
What is the chief ammunition used against cellular antigens?
complement fixation and activation of the antibody
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in?
neutralization of the antigen, agglutination or precipitation, and complement activation.
Why is the alternative pathway of complement useful in the early stages of an infection?
It does not rely on activation by antibodies.
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
Complement activation can lead to direct killing of pathogens by forming pores in their cell membranes, promoting inflammation by recruiting immune cells to the site of infection, and facilitating clearance of immune complexes and cellular debris.
What is activation of complement?
Activation of complement refers to a series of biochemical reactions involving a group of proteins in the immune system, known as complement proteins. These proteins work together to enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens, promote inflammation, and directly lyse bacteria. The complement system can be activated via three pathways: the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways, each triggered by different immune signals. Ultimately, this activation leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which can puncture the cell membranes of pathogens.
Why IGM is so much efficient in activating complement than IgG?
IgM is more efficient in activating complement than IgG because of its larger size and pentameric structure, which allows for more binding sites and better clustering of complement proteins. This leads to a more robust activation of the complement cascade and increased inflammation and opsonization.
What would be the likely outcome if a microbe could prevent the activation of C3 in the complement cascade?
If a microbe can prevent the activation of C3 in the complement cascade, it would likely evade the host immune response and avoid being targeted for destruction. This evasion strategy could help the microbe establish infection and cause disease without being effectively eliminated by the immune system.
What is the alternative pathway of complement activation and how does it contribute to the immune response?
The alternative pathway of complement activation is a part of the immune system that helps to identify and destroy harmful pathogens. It is a rapid and efficient process that can be activated without the need for specific antibodies. This pathway plays a crucial role in the early stages of the immune response by enhancing inflammation, promoting phagocytosis, and directly killing pathogens.
