Which Tire is bigger you ask? The 30X9.50r15 is larger than the 16 in tire in width. To get the width of the 15 inch tire you need to multiply 30 by 9.50. This will give you a total width of 285. So the width of the 15 inch tire is 285mm wide. The width of the 16 inch tire is 225. So there is a difference of 60 mm. I am not familiar with the Jeep Cherokee. I have seen a few people place 255/70r/16s on their Jeep cherokees. I think 285 mm wide tires might be a little too wide. If you decide to lift this jeep, then you should not have a problem placing a 285 mm wide tire on it. For more info on reading a tire sidewall check out the following link.
http://www.dummies.com/WileyCDA/DummiesArticle/Reading-a-Tire-Sidewall.id-2667.html
As long as it's a comparable tire, yes (depending on what a "five bigger" Caprice is...)
to clear the wider rear tire
The bigger the number the bigger the tire A compact car will have like a 13 inch and a pick up or SUV would be a 15 on up.
NO. The tire is an inch bigger around than the rim....
All types of friction increase fuel consumption. Wind resistance. Tire resistance. (The bigger the tire, the bigger the contact patch, the more resistance.) Engine parts, etc.
Yes.
Bigger
Probably, especially if the other dimensions are the same as the bigger tire. Be advised that you will not receive as good gas mileage.
Doubtful, since the radial is bigger on the r17...
Because, the air pressure hitting the tire, and as it hitting we put some air pressure into it so the tire is fully pumped up.
A wider tire may decrease braking distance, but it depends on many factors.
A tire alignment is not necessary when changing tire sizes. You can tell by the wear on your previous tires if you need an alignment. If you have uneven wear, get an alignment.