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No single war was the most important in establishing the Roman Empire. The development of this empire was the result of Rome winning great many separate and unrelated wars over a period of more than 300 years. More than one war can be considered a turning point in the development of the Roman Empire. The process of imperial expansion started with the three Samnite Wars (343-341 B.C., 326-304 B.C. and 298-290 B.C.), Rome gained control over central and southern Italy. The peoples of these areas became Roman allies and supplied at least 60% of the military manpower available to Rome. This provided Rome with one of the largest (if not the largest) military pools on the Mediterranean, making her a Mediterranean power. With the First Punic War (264-243 B.C.), Rome seized western Sicily and Sardinia from the Carthaginians. With the second Punic War 9218-201 B.C.), Rome took over the Carthaginian territories in southern Pain and gained control over the western basin of the Mediterranean. With the Third Mithridatic War (-63 B.C), Rome gained total control over Turkey, annexed Syria and turned Judea into a client state. With the Gallic Wars (58-50 B.C.), Julius Caesar conquered the vast territory of Gaul.

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second punic war

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Q: Which war was the most important in establishing Rome as the greatest empire in the world?
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