Who are the great men in physics and contribution?

Answer 1

1. Archimedes (Greece) - Principle of buoyancy; principle of lever

2. Galileo Galilei (Italy) - Law of inertia

3. Christian Huygens ( Holland) - Wave theory of light

4. Issac Newton (UK) - Universal law of gravitation; law of motion; Reflecting telescope

5. Michael Faraday (UK) - Law of electromagnetic induction

6. James Clerk Maxwell (UK) - Electro magnetic theory;Light-an electromagnetic wave

7. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (Germany) - Generation of electromagnetic waves

8. J.C.Bose (India) - Ultra short radio waves

9. W.K.Roentgen (Germany) - X-rays

10. J.J.Thomson (U.K) - Electron

11. Marie Sklodowska Curie (Poland) - Discovery of radium & Polonium; studies on natural radio activity

12. Albert Einstein (Germany) - Explanation of photoelectric effect; Theory of relativity

13. Victor Francis Hess (Austria) - Cosmic Radiation

14. R.A.Millikan(USA) Measurement of electronic charge

15. Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand) - Nuclear model of atom

16. Niels Bohr (Denmark) - Quantum model of hydrogen atom

17. C.V.Raman (India) - Inelastic scattering of light by molecules

18. Louis Victor de Borglie (France) - Wave nature of matter

19. M.N.Saha (India) - Thermal Ionisation

20. S.N.Bose (India) - Quantum statistics

21. Enrico Fermi (Iyaly) - Controlled nuclear fission

22. Werner Heinsberg(Germany) - Quantum mechanics; Uncertainty principle

23. Paul Dirac (UK) - Relativistic theory of electron; Quantum statistics

24. Edwin Hubble (USA) - Expanding universe

25. Ernest Orlando Lawerence (USA) - Cyclotron

26. James Chadwick (UK) - Neutron

27. Hideki Yukawa(Japan) - Theory of nuclear forces

28. Homi Jehangir Bhabha (India) - Cascade process of cosmic radiation

29. Lev Davidovich Landau (Russia) - Theory of condensed matter; Liquid helium

30. S.Chandrasekhar(India)-Chandrasekhar limit,structure & evolution of stars

31. John Bardeen (USA) - Transistors, Theory of super conductivity

32. C.H.Towens (USA) - Maser ; Laser

33. Abdus Salam (Pakistan) - Unification of weak & electro magnetic interactions

Answer 2

there are many but some common (and their contributions)are listed below...:

William Gilbert 1544-1603

English hypothesized that the Earth is a giant magnet

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642

Italian performed fundamental observations, experiments, and mathematical analyses in astronomy and physics; discovered mountains and craters on the moon, the phases of Venus, and the four largest satellites of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede

Willebrod Snell 1580-1626

Dutch discovered law of refraction (Snell's law)

Blaise Pascal 1623-1662

French discovered that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the walls of its container (Pascal's principle)

Christiaan Huygens 1629-1695

Dutch proposed a simple geometrical wave theory of light, now known as ``Huygen's principle''; pioneered use of the pendulum in clocks

Robert Hooke 1635-1703

English discovered Hooke's law of elasticity

Sir Isaac Newton 1643-1727

English developed theories of gravitation and mechanics, and invented differential calculus

Daniel Bernoulli 1700-1782

Swiss developed the fundamental relationship of fluid flow now known as Bernoulli's principle

Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790

American the first American physicist; characterized two kinds of electric charge, which he named ``positive'' and ``negative''

Leonard Euler 1707-1783

Swiss made fundamental contributions to fluid dynamics, lunar orbit theory (tides), and mechanics; also contributed prolifically to all areas of classical mathematics

Henry Cavendish 1731-1810

British discovered and studied hydrogen; first to measure Newton's gravitational constant; calculated mass and mean density of Earth

Charles Augustin de Coulomb 1736-1806

French experiments on elasticity, electricity, and magnetism; established experimentally nature of the force between two charges

Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1736-1813

French developed new methods of analytical mechanics

James Watt 1736-1819

Scottish invented the modern condensing steam engine and a centrifugal governor

Count Alessandro Volta 1745-1827

Italian pioneer in study of electricity; invented the first electric battery

Joseph Fourier 1768-1830

French established the differential equation governing heat diffusion and solved it by devising an infinite series of sines and cosines capable of approximating a wide variety of functions

Thomas Young 1773-1829

British studied light and color; known for his double-slit experiment that demonstrated the wave nature of light

Jean-Babtiste Biot 1774-1862

French studied polarization of light; co-discovered that intensity of magnetic field set up by a current flowing through a wire varies inversely with the distance from the wire

André Marie Ampère 1775-1836

French father of electrodynamics

Amadeo Avogadro 1776-1856

Italian developed hypothesis that all gases at same volume, pressure, and temperature contain same number of atoms

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss 1777-1855

German formulated separate electrostatic and electrodynamical laws, including ``Gauss' law''; contributed to development of number theory, differential geometry, potential theory, theory of terrestrial magnetism, and methods of calculating planetary orbits

Hans Christian Oersted 1777-1851

Danish discovered that a current in a wire can produce magnetic effects

Sir David Brewster 1781-1868

English deduced ``Brewster's law'' giving the angle of incidence that produces reflected light which is completely polarized; invented the kaleidoscope and the stereoscope, and improved the spectroscope

Augustin-Jean Fresnel 1788-1827

French studied transverse nature of light waves

Georg Ohm 1789-1854

German discovered that current flow is proportional to potential difference and inversely proportional to resistance (Ohm's law)

Michael Faraday 1791-1867

English discovered electromagnetic induction and devised first electrical transformer

Felix Savart 1791-1841

French co-discovered that intensity of magnetic field set up by a current flowing through a wire varies inversely with the distance from the wire

Sadi Carnot 1796-1832

French founded the science of thermodynamics

Joseph Henry 1797-1878

American performed extensive fundamental studies of electromagnetic phenomena; devised first practical electric motor

Christian Doppler 1803-1853

Austrian experimented with sound waves; derived an expression for the apparent change in wavelength of a wave due to relative motion between the source and observer

Wilhelm E. Weber 1804-1891

German developed sensitive magnetometers; worked in electrodynamics and the electrical structure of matter

Sir William Hamilton 1805-1865

Irish developed the principle of least action and the Hamiltonian form of classical mechanics

James Prescott Joule 1818-1889

British discovered mechanical equivalent of heat

Armand-Hippolyte-Louis Fizeau 1819-1896

French made the first terrestrial measurement of the speed of light; invented one of the first interferometers; took the first pictures of the Sun on daguerreotypes; argued that the Doppler effect with respect to sound should also apply to any wave motion, particularly that of light

Jean-Bernard-Léon Foucault 1819-1868

French accurately measured speed of light; invented the gyroscope; demonstrated the Earth's rotation

Sir George Gabriel Stokes 1819-1903

British described the motion of viscous fluids by independently discovering the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid mechanics (or hydrodynamics); developed Stokes theorem by which certain surface integrals may be reduced to line integrals; discovered fluorescence

Hermann von Helmholtz 1821-1894

German developed first law of thermodynamics, a statement of conservation of energy

Rudolf Clausius 1822-1888

German developed second law of thermodynamics, a statement that the entropy of the Universe always increases

Lord Kelvin

(born William Thomson) 1824-1907

British proposed absolute temperature scale, of essence to development of thermodynamics

Gustav Kirchhoff 1824-1887

German developed three laws of spectral analysis and three rules of electric circuit analysis; also contributed to optics

Johann Balmer 1825-1898

Swiss developed empirical formula to describe hydrogen spectrum

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan 1828-1914

British developed a carbon-filament incandescent light; patented the carbon process for printing photographs in permanent pigment

James Clerk Maxwell 1831-1879

Scottish propounded the theory of electromagnetism; developed the kinetic theory of gases

Josef Stefan 1835-1893

Austrian studied blackbody radiation

Ernst Mach 1838-1916

Austrian studied conditions that occur when an object moves through a fluid at high speed (the ``Mach number'' gives the ratio of the speed of the object to the speed of sound in the fluid); proposed ``Mach's principle,'' which states that the inertia of an object is due to the interaction between the object and the rest of the universe

Josiah Gibbs 1839-1903

American developed chemical thermodynamics; introduced concepts of free energy and chemical potential

James Dewar 1842-1923

British liquified nitrogen and invented the Dewar flask, which is critical for low-temperature work

Osborne Reynolds 1842-1912

British contributed to the fields of hydraulics and hydrodynamics; developed mathematical framework for turbulence and introduced the ``Reynolds number,'' which provides a criterion for dynamic similarity and correct modeling in many fluid-flow experiments

Ludwig Boltzmann 1844-1906

Austrian developed statistical mechanics and applied it to kinetic theory of gases

Roland Eötvös 1848-1919

Hungarian demonstrated equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass

Oliver Heaviside 1850-1925

English contributed to the development of electromagnetism; introduced operational calculus and invented the modern notation for vector calculus; predicted existence of the Heaviside layer (a layer of the Earth's ionosphere)

George Francis FitzGerald 1851-1901

Irish hypothesized foreshortening of moving bodies (Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction) to explain the result of the Michelson-Morley experiment

John Henry Poynting 1852-1914

British demonstrated that the energy flow of electromagnetic waves could be calculated by an equation (now called Poynting's vector)

Henri Poincaré 1854-1912

French founded qualitative dynamics (the mathematical theory of dynamical systems); created topology; contributed to solution of the three-body problem; first described many properties of deterministic chaos; contributed to the development of special relativity

Janne Rydberg 1854-1919

Swedish analyzed the spectra of many elements; discovered many line series were described by a formula that depended on a universal constant (the Rydberg constant)

Edwin H. Hall 1855-1938

American discovered the ``Hall effect,'' which occurs when charge carriers moving through a material are deflected because of an applied magnetic field - the deflection results in a potential difference across the side of the material that is transverse to both the magnetic field and the current direction

Heinrich Hertz 1857-1894

German worked on electromagnetic phenomena; discovered radio waves and the photoelectric effect

Nikola Tesla 1857-1943

Serbian-born American created alternating current

Answer 3

There is a list of women in science in many articles. This long list will give adequate choice. And male scientists will also give several lists to choose from.

See link below.

Answer 4

contribution is verb numeral