The land that is now the State of Missouri was purchased by the US from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Prior to that it was held by Spain since 1762, and before that by France since 1699. Prior to 1699, no European power claimed ownership of that territory, other than through vague claims of ownership of everything from the Atlantic coast westward.
The U.S. has never owned Canada.
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The colony of South Carolina was "owned" by the British - before the Revolutionary War ended in victory for the U.S. in 1981.
Missouri became the 24th state admitted to the Union on August 10, 1821.
Columbia owned the area around Panama before the US helped Panama form its own country.
The French owned Missouri at the beginning of the French and Indian War.