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Who were the allies of the Han Dynasty?
The Han Dynasty of ancient China had several allies, including the Wuhuan and Xiongnu tribes in the early years. Later on, the Han Dynasty formed an alliance with the Xianbei tribes to counter the Xiongnu. Additionally, the Han Dynasty established diplomatic relations and trade ties with various Central Asian kingdoms, such as the Parthians and Kushans.
Are the Ancestors of Ancient Pakistanis Hindus?
Before the advent of Islamic Faith, the majority of people in the ancient region of Pakistan practised Buddhism, Zoroastrianism (and its derivatives like Mithraism, Saurism, Manichaeism, etc.), Animism (nature worship), Paganism (Hellenic and other deities), and Shamanism.- Harappans ate beef, buried their dead, and had no Hindu temples/idols/deities.- RigVedic Aryans forbade idolatry, ate beef, sacrificed cows, had no caste system, and were culturally closer to ancient Avestan Iranians.- Under Persian rule, Zoroastrianism started to spread.- Similarly, Greek Paganism (Hellenism) spread under the Greeks.- Mauryan Ashoka introduced Buddhism.- Buddhism was later also propagated along with Zoroastrianism, Animism, Shamanism, and Hellenism under the Bactrians, Sakas/Scythians, Parthians, and Kushans for many centuries.- Hephthalites/White Huns were not very fond of Buddhism but it still remained popular among the masses.- The Hellenized-Iranianized Brahmanist and Shaivite converts were a minority in Pakistan.- Kafirs of Kalasha, the only people in Pakistan who have retained their ancient religion are an example of the non-Hindu religions practised by the ancestors of Pakistanis.- Many different Gangetic holy Hindu texts call Pakistan region and its people as outlandish, sinful, outcaste, mlechas or devil-worshippers, etc.- The pre-Muslim ancestors of most Pakistanis never called themselves Hindu nor practised any religion similar to present-day Hinduism. Thus, the pre-Muslim ancestors of most Pakistanis had nothing to do with Hinduism.- The fact is there is barely any trace of Hindu past in Pakistan region yet there are plentiful of Buddhist and other non-Hindu archeological remains in Pakistan region. The very few Hindu temples found in Pakistan region cannot be dated past the 9th century AD.- When Muslims invaded Pakistan region the majority of its people were Buddhists (as testified in Chachnama), so much so that the word for idol became "budh".- The word/term Hindu/Hinduism is a recent construct. It were the Muslim invaders (Ghorids) who for the first time in history imposed the foreign term Hindu on the many different peoples and religions of southern Asia. The term Hinduism was given by the British colonialists. Not a single pre-Muslim/British era Vedic, Brahman, Buddhist, Jain, or any other South Asian scripture/inscription mentions the word Hindu/Hinduism. Similarly, Sanata Dharma was a term invented in the 19th century AD by Gangetic Brahmans in their desperate attempt to replace the Muslim/British term Hindu/Hinduism.- Terms such as Hindu/Hinduism/SanataDharma are artificial in nature because of its foreign origins and contradictions in its beliefs/practices. Just because we call all Europeans or their descendents as Goras it does not make them one people as they have many racial, religious, linguistic, cultural, and historical differences. By the same token, if the Ghorid Muslim invaders imposed the foreign word/term Hindu on the non-Muslim peoples of south Asia it does not mean that they were one people since there were/are countless different religions, cultures, histories, languages, and races in south Asia.- Also, by the time of Ghorid invasions (12th century AD), Pakistan region was already mostly Muslim. Most of Pakistan region was a part of Arab Islamic Empires previously (later also ruled by local Muslim kingdoms). Arabs never called them Hindus. So the Ghorid imposition of the artificial term Hindu was mostly for present day north Republic of India for their ruled non-Muslim subjects.- A significant minority of Pakistanis are descendents of Arab, Iranian, Turkic, Mughal and Afghan invaders/migrants, who just like the rest of the ancestors of Pakistanis were Zoroastrians, Animists, Pagans, Shamanists, and Buddhists before Islam.- It was mostly due to Islamic Sufism that the ancestors of Pakistanis converted en masse to Islam.- Pre-1947 region of present-day Pakistan only had less than 15% non-Muslims, out of which half were Sikhs. Many of the Hindus were actual migrants from the region of present day India during the British rule. For example, most of the Hindus in pre-1947 Karachi had migrated from Gujarat and Rajasthan during British rule because of Karachi's economic boom then. The other remaining Hindus of local origin were converts due to Shankarcharya's missionaries from India region during post- 9th century AD period.- The pre-1947 non-Muslim population in present day region of Pakistan had: 6% Hindu and 10% Sikh in W. Punjab, 9% Hindu and 2% Sikh in Sindh, 1% Hindu and 2% Sikh in KPK, and 2% Hindu in Balochistan.- According to the UN and other respected organizations, 12 million is the total estimate of migrations from both India and Pakistan (East Pakistan included) of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs combined at the time of the Independence of 1947. So if Hindus and Sikhs are taken as 50% of that figure (although there were much more migrations of Hindus/Sikhs than Muslims) of population, that would make about 6 million Hindus-Sikhs in both East and West Pakistan that migrated to India. Now, we know that there was almost an equal (50% each) number of migrants leaving East and West Pakistan (although Hindu population in East Pakistan was much higher), that would make the Hindu-Sikh population in West Pakistan about 3 million. Now we know that West Pakistan's population at that time was about 25-30 million which makes the total Hindu-Sikh population about 10-12% (+ add the current 1.5%) in West Pakistan before Azadi. Also, it is estimated that out of the non-Muslim population in West Pakistan, +40% were Sikhs, so that leaves Hindus with even lesser numbers. We know that Sikhs do not consider themselves as Hindus and they are fighting for independence of Khalistan in Eastern Punjab from the Republic of India.
Who introduced the trocesers in the Indian?
Kushans
Who introduced the silver coins in the economy?
kushans
Who were the first to issue gold coins in India?
kushans
Who was the first king to issue gold coins in India?
Not Kushanas, It was Gupta's, who introduced Gold Coins in India..
What important event happened in 12 BC?
King Azes II dies. The rule of the Indo-Scythians crumbles as the Kushans, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi who lives in Bactria expand into India to create aKushan Empire.
Is the guptas were originally vassals of the kushanas?
The Kushans were like the Arians, nomads from central Asia and Caucasus's. The same group of tribes either of Iranian or southern Russians who periodically raided and settled as a ruling class in the middle east, each replaced by the next. Sophisticated peoples who used technology and discipline to survive the more hostile parts of the world. Kushan power relied on the Macedonian Empire. When the Greeks in the Macedonian army (vassals) left for home the real fighting force Celts from the balkans remained and formed an Empire in Kashmir and Punjab. The Kushites arrived and they were absorbed into the Kushite Empire. To say the Kushans were bad as some say may only be because thir culture and religion was different.
Who were the allies of the Han Dynasty?
The Han Dynasty of ancient China had several allies, including the Wuhuan and Xiongnu tribes in the early years. Later on, the Han Dynasty formed an alliance with the Xianbei tribes to counter the Xiongnu. Additionally, the Han Dynasty established diplomatic relations and trade ties with various Central Asian kingdoms, such as the Parthians and Kushans.
What has the author Rudolf Fischer written?
Rudolf Fischer has written: 'Die schwarzen Pharaonen' -- subject(s): Antiquities, Egyptian Art, History, Influence, Kushan Art, Kushans 'Kreuz und Halbmond im Nital' -- subject(s): Christianity, Church history, History, Islam 'Babylon' -- subject(s): Antiquities, Description and travel, Excavations (Archaeology), History 'Der Alte Orient' -- subject(s): Civilization
What has the author Alexander Cunningham written?
Alexander Cunningham has written: 'Cunningham's Ancient geography of India' -- subject(s): Historical geography 'The ancient geography of Kashmir' -- subject(s): Historical geography 'Report of tours in Bundelkhand and Malwa in 1874-75 and 1876-77' -- subject(s): Antiquities 'The Bhilsa Topes' -- subject(s): Accessible book 'Later Indo-Scythians. From the Numismatic chronicle, 1893-94' -- subject(s): Coins, Indo-Scythian, Indo-Scythians 'Book of Indian Eras' -- subject(s): Chronology, Hindu Chronology, Hinduism 'The Bhilsa Topes' 'Report of a tour in eastern Rajputana in 1882-83' -- subject(s): Antiquities 'Coins of ancient India' -- subject(s): Indic Coins, Numismatics 'Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas & Kushans' -- subject(s): Ancient Coins, India, Indic Coins, Numismatics 'Report of a tour in the central provinces and lower Gangetic Doab in 1881-82' -- subject(s): Antiquities 'Ancient Geography of India' 'Later Indo-Scythians' -- subject(s): Coins, Indo-Scythian, Indo-Scythians
Is Koeri aur kushwaha schedule castes?
No, not at all. Koeri / Kushwaha is Kshatriya community of Indian society. Koeri is an apbhramsha for Kri (From sanskrit Krishi) for agriculturist scientific skills of the community in ancient times. As per Indian literature noble Kshatriya men took up agriculture in ancient times. Kushwaha is a caste mainly known in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar states of India. It is also found in Nepal and Mauritius. Many Kushwaha have settled in Delhi, Gujrat, Kolkata, Mumbai etc. Kushwaha claim origin from Kusha, eldest son of SriRama. Kushwaha are traditionally involved in agriculture and farming. English records are full of praise for their farming skills, industriousness, thrift etc. They are vegetarian in nature. Many have served in social service, Schools and Universities, Public and Private Sector, University etc. Kushwaha claim decent from Ikshvaku dynasty (Kasi Kosala), Maurya Empire, Kushans etc. Popular Gods and Godesses in Kushwaha are SriRama, Sita, Hanuman and Sita. But there is a mistake for the info you provide. The Maurya, Saini, Kachchhis, Malis are not belong to the Kshatriya or the Kushwaha community . These people are not kshatriyas . They are the low castes of the ancient India. By populising this belief that these communities belong with us you are degrading our community because people will start to give their daughters in these communities and thus the degradation of our community . Have you ever seen the true Rajputs to give their daughter in the Maurya or other castes ?
What Country was Afghanistan before Afghanistan?
A country is a nation, and Afghanistan predates nations as a place of settlement by about 50,000 years. At least people have been known to live there for about that long. In fact, Afghanistan is thought to be one of the oldest permanent settlement sights known, possibly predating Egypt and Mesopotamia. The political history of Afganistan is varied, beginning around 550 BCE with the First Persian Empire under which the disparate tribes from India to modern Greece, and as far south as Egypt were unified. This continued in 336 BCE under the Macedonian Empire, ruled by Alexander. In 322 BCE, with the death of Alexander, the territory passed to the Maurya Empire of India and this lasted until around 185 BCE. The Mauryan's bumped up against the rising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, who took over a large part of the Afghan territory after 180 BCE. For the next 1800 years, Afghanistan and portions of it were passed among many different kingdoms and empires. Among these were the Kushans, Sasanians, Hephthalites, Kabul Shahi, Islamic Empires, Saffarid Dynasty, Samanid Empire, Gaznavids, Ghurids, Kartids, Timurids, Mughals, Hotaki Dynasty, and the Durrani Dynasty. The Hotaki and Durrani Dynasties mark the beginning of the modern Afghan state with the rise of the Pashtun in 1709. After the Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, King Amanullah began to westernize the government, but his efforts failed because of pressure from Islamic conservatives. During the Cold War, Afghanistan was a buffer between much of the confflict between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The 1979 Soviet invasion and war with the (partially) US backed Mujahideen (direct lineage of the Taliban), the current war in Afghanistan, and the shaky nature of their government is a direct result of the "political" involvement of the US and Soviet Union in the area post WW2.
What is the Historical background of Pakistan and it's people?
The Muslim world is a vast and immense mass of land sprawling from West Africa facing the Atlantic to southern Philippines far in the Pacific. Its northern limits touch the Volga in Russia and Occupied Tatarstan while southern frontiers run up to Mozambique in South-East Africa on the Indian Ocean. In the People's Republic of China, in addition to Sinkiang (Occupied East Turkestan), Muslims are in substantial numbers in the provinces bordering Burma and in the districts around Peking. Total population of Muslims in the world is estimated more than one billion.Pakistan in different forms and in different backgrounds has appeared many a time in these very regions and endured longer than other independent states of this trans-Aisiatic Indian continent, making enormous contribution to civilization. The history of its people is full of colour, thrill and excitement; of gallant deeds and sublime performance. It has, perhaps, witnessed more invasions than any other part of the world, absorbed more racial strains than any other region and more ideas have taken birth in the bosom of this land than anywhere elsewhere in the known world. It was in these lands that the famous Indus Valley Civilization, one of the most brilliant in the annals of human history, flourished with its main centres at Moenjo Daro in Sindh, Harappa in the Punjab plains of the Indus Valley, Kej in the Baluch territory and Judeiro Daro in the Pathan region. It was here that Buddhist culture blossomed and reached its zenith under the Kushans in the form of Gandhara civilization at the twin cities of Peshawar and Taxila. It was on this very soil that the Graeco-Bactrian civilization had its best flowering and left the indelible marks of finest Greek art in the potwar plateau around Rawalpindi. The entire Baluchistan is strewn with the remains of the earliest products of man's activities. "Western Pakistan is a region which has been conspicuously important in the development of civilization." "Of the two river systems that of the Indus, now mainly in Pakistan, had the earliest civilization and gave its name to India. The fertile plains of the Punjab region watered by the five great tributaries of the Indus had a high culture over two thousand years before Prophet Isa (U.H.B.P.) which spread down the lower course of the Indus as far as the Indus sea." In valour and patriotism the people of these lands have been second to none. It was the people of the Indus Valley that held back the Aryans for decades; it was in the Punjab that the advance of ferocious Mongols was halted for more than a century. But for this defence the tender sapling of Muslim state planted at Delhi in the early 13th century A.D. would have been trampled upon and smothered out. Kashmiris in Occupied Jammu and Kashmir have suffered silently but never ceased their fight for freedom. The lands of Pakistan are indeed drenched with the blood of many a hero and saturated with the wisdom of many a sage. And what is more exhilarating, it was from these lands that Islam commenced its journey in the Indian continent.
