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We have to extrapolate known figures - with an army-navy of about 35,000 at its peak, we can guess at families of 5 = 175,000 + 70,000 slaves + metics - about 250,000 all up at its peak. However plague, war and mass desertion of slaves soon reduced this dramatically in the last 30 years of the 5th Century BCE.

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7y ago

Historians have had difficulties when estimating the highest population of ancient Athens. The roll of Athenians included free men from the Piraeus, the port of Athens. Also the villages and farms of Attica pose a problem. Some historians cite a population of 180,000. Then it may be estimated that there were up to 20,000 resident aliens, and the slave population is extremely difficult to estimate.

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Q: Why are estimates of the population of ancient Athens difficult to make?
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