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The short answer is that they did not, in fact, build a shrine to honour war criminals. That is a misconception.

The long answer:
It had been common practice in Japanese history to construct special shrines to those who had died in wars to appease their spirits and prevent them from becoming malevolent. The shrines were called Shokonsha. Following the Meiji Restoration, the government commissioned the creation of a major Shokonsha in Tokyo to honour those who had died fighting for the Emperor. The shrine, Yasukuni Jinja, has since then enshrined Japanese soldiers from every war Japan has been involved with. While the vast majority of the roughly 2.5 million people enshrined are from the 1931-1946 period, there are fallen soldiers from the two major civil war periods in modern Japan (the Boshin War and the Satsuma Rebellion), as well as a military expedition to Taiwan in the 1870s, the 1894 war with the Chinese Qing Empire, Japan's intervention in the Boxer Rebellion in Qing China, the 1904 war with Russia, World War I, and various smaller battles with the Republic of China leading up to the second Sino-Japanese War and the East Asian and Pacific Wars.
The controversy over Yasukuni erupted in the 1970s when it was revealed that the ministry at Yasukuni had decided to enshrine the 15 government officials and military officers that had been convicted of Class A war crimes by the War Crimes Tribunal of the Far East. The governments and a large portion of the population of the Koreas and the People's Republic of China view it as an endorsement of the behavior of the 15, and visits by post war government officials are viewed as an endorsement of the enshrinement. However, after the revelation, the Showa Emperor and the current Emperor have declined to make an in person visit to Yasukuni.

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Q: Why did the Japanese government build a shrine to honour Japanese war criminals?
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