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Christianity was a growing religion in the Roman world for 300 years before Emperor Constantine's conversion (306-337 CE). During that time, relations between the Roman government and Christianity were never favorable, but conflict was sporadic. Whether the Romans found Christianity "dangerous" depended on the threat Christians made to the continuation of the Empire.

Rome was a cosmopolitan city, consisting of many peoples with different beliefs. Different religions were accepted as long as they did not disrupt the city or interfere with the state religion. "Disruptive" religions could also included Oriental religions and Judaism. Judaism and Christianity were prone to conflict because they were monotheistic religions in a polytheistic society.

At first, Christianity was not even recognized (by the emperor) as a separate religion from Judaism. Christianity was first recognized (and labeled as "dangerous") after the great fire of Rome in 64 CE. The Emperor Nero blamed the Christians and their persecution began.

This does not mean that Christians were ceaselessly pursued by Rome. Many emperors were content to leave Christians to their own business. For example, in a letter to Pliny the Elder, the Emperor Trajan (98-117 CE) specifically instructs that Christians are not to be punished. As long as they made proper worship of the emperor's image, they were to be left alone.

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