Toluene is an aromatic compound, generally it under goes electrophilic substitution reactions i.e. usually one of the hydrogen, is replaced by an electrophile. It increases the electron density at ortho and para position only not at meta. So electrophile attacks at ortho and para position.
Ex. Nitration of Toluene
InToluene methyl group attached to aromatic ring is electrons donor due to Hyper conjugation (Temporary bond breaking between carbon and hydrogen) so it is responsible to create negative charges at ortho and para positions and electrophile easily attacks at these positions.
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Se relacionan porque technologia necesita ciencias para evolucionar, como necesitamos experimentos para saber que lo que pensamos es verdad o por ejemplo coches, necesitabamos saber que cuando se vaporiza el gas le da poder al coche para moverse. Eso se encuentro con un experimento.
According to 00-25-234, para. 7-4 its sensitive and super sensitive
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution is an example of Ortho and para directing group and meta directing group.
salicytic acid is a ortho para directing group ....however check up on that ...i am not completely certain .. Actually, it is a meta-directing group, because of the carboxylic acid functional that the salicylic acid contains. Hope that was helpful.
NO-group acts exactly as halogens because of long pair on nitrogen. This pair stabilizes ortho-para intermediates.
Donor group are ortho-para directory groups that means increases in pai density of ortho para directory. Adaptor group meta directing groups that means increases in pai density of meta directing groups.
This group attached to benzene ring acts as the ortho-para directing group due to Hyperconjugation.
In aromatic compound chlorine attached to the ring acts as the electrons donor group because the lone pair of chlorine becomes involved in process of resonance and is responsible to create the negative charge at ortho and para positions so acts as ortho-para director.
Because the +R effect of the haloarene, tends to oppose the -I effect, and hence the deactivation is lesser at the ortho and para positions, compared to any other position (like the meta position). So they tend to be o-p directing.
para is more polar than the ortho
4 hydroxybenzoic acid is para directing group whereas 2 is ortho directing group. thus at para, the two groups i.e. alcohol and carboxyl are far apart and thus dont show steric hinderance. therefore para directing group is a stable and as a result less acidic.
Ortho-para directing groups are those which can donate the electrons (lone pair or bonding pair by hyperconjugation) to benzene ring and create a negative charge on ortho and para positions by process of resonance so the attack of next incoming electrophile becomes easier as compare to unsubstituted benzene.
ortho-para in benzene is meaningless these positions are for monosubstituted benzene. Meta is positions 3 and 5. Ortho is position 2 and 6 with relation to already attached group, para is 4 (opposite) to attached group.
toulene+sulphuric acid = o-methyl benzene sulphonic acid + p-methyl benzene sulphonic acid. Since methly group is ortho and para directed group so it activates benzene ring for electrophilic substitution reaction.