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Assuming that your question relates to the .45 ACP cartridge that was used by the US Military in the 1911 pistol-

The standard sidearm had been the .38 Colt revolver (not a .38 Special, but another cartridge- the .39 Colt). In combat in the Philippines, it was found that the .38 Colt lacked stopping power when faced with a determined opponent- an attacker might die from the gunshot, but not right away. In the search for a cartridge with greater stopping power, trials of firearms were held in 1906-1907, and resulted in the .45 US Govt Revolver of 1906. This was quickly replaced with the .45 US Govt revolver, Mdl 1909, which was similar to the .45 Colt cartridge (but with a bigger rim, which made in hard to use on older revolvers)

In 1906 the govt also looked at a .45 cal autoloading pistol (autoloaders were getting popular in Europe about that time) and selected a modified version of the .45 Colt Automatic Model 1905. This was the father of the current .45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol) cartridge. Big, heavy, slow bullet- with a lot of stopping power. This remained the standard combat handgun of much of the US military until the adoption of the M-9 pistol, in 9mm Parabellum. Which, once again, we find is lacking in stopping power when used against a determined opponent......

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Q: Why was the 45 caliber designed?
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