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When Richard I (Lion Heart) was crowned in 1189 he was not only crowned king of England but also as a crusader amid much hyped up relgious zeal ... A group of English Jews who came to do homage to him as their feudal lord were stripped naked and severely beaten up. Rumours spread through London that Richard I had ordered the massacre of all Jews. In London many Jews were killed before the killings stopped.

Violent anti-Jewish acts spread to the provinces, culminating in the events at York in March 1190. By then Richard I had left England to go on his crusade. (He reigned for a little over ten years, but only spent 6 months in England. He treated the country as a milch-cow for his overseas adventures).

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Q: Why were the Jews of York massacred in March 1190?
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What happened to the Jews in York in 1190?

When Richard I was crowned king in 1189 he was crowned not only as king but as a crusader. Using religious zeal as an excuse, his courtiers beat up the Jews who appeared in order to do him homage as their feudal lord. Anti-Jewish rioting swept through London and spread to some provincial areas, too. Richard I was keen to leave for his crusade quickly. Though he put an end to the riots in London, he merely instructed untrustworthy subordinates to quell the riots elsewhere. In York in March 1190 the Jews were attacked, partly by local knights who owed some of them money. There were taken into York Castle for protection, but much of the castle was only built of wood. There about 150 Jews in Clifford Tower, which the rioters managed to reach ... The terrified Jews inside committed mass suicide.


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Related questions

Why did the Christians in York kill some Jews living there in March 1190?

The Crusades (1096 on) saw an upsurge of violence against the Jews in Europe. When Richard I (Lion Heart) was crowned in 1189 he was crowned not only as King of England but as a crusader, which encouraged religious fanaticism ... When leading members of the Jewish community turned up to do homage to him as their feudal lord they were savagely beaten up. Rumours circulated that he had ordered the killing of all Jews in England - and many Jews in London were killed by mobs. The anti-Jewish violence spread to the provinces and continued for several months. For details of the events at York in March 1190 please see the link.


When did Josce of York die?

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What happened to the Jews in York in 1190?

When Richard I was crowned king in 1189 he was crowned not only as king but as a crusader. Using religious zeal as an excuse, his courtiers beat up the Jews who appeared in order to do him homage as their feudal lord. Anti-Jewish rioting swept through London and spread to some provincial areas, too. Richard I was keen to leave for his crusade quickly. Though he put an end to the riots in London, he merely instructed untrustworthy subordinates to quell the riots elsewhere. In York in March 1190 the Jews were attacked, partly by local knights who owed some of them money. There were taken into York Castle for protection, but much of the castle was only built of wood. There about 150 Jews in Clifford Tower, which the rioters managed to reach ... The terrified Jews inside committed mass suicide.


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King Edward the First signed the Edict of Expulsion, driving all Jews from England in 1290. Jews were not readmitted until 1657. Over the previous 200 years, Jews in England had suffered under increasing persecution. Jews were generally forbidden to engage in any trades but money lending. In 1190, over 100 Jews were massacred in York because of the blood libel, the rumor that Jews slaughtered Christian children to get their blood as an ingredient needed to bake Passover matzah. Ruinous taxes were imposed on Jews starting in 1219, and in 1253 King Edward endorsed the blood libel. Forcing Jews to sell their assets at deep discounts before they fled was very profitable. Wealthy nobles used their cash to buy up the debts of minor nobles, consolidating their power and eliminating their competition.


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What happened to the Jews at Clifford's Tower?

In 1190, a man named Joce, a leader of the Jewish community of York, obtained the permission of the warden of York Castle to move his wife and children and the rest of the Jews of York into the castle. They probably took refuge in a wooden tower that stood where Clifford's Tower now stands. They fled there because they were threatened by an antisemitic mob incited by a man named de Malbis, who murdered a widow of a Jewish banker he apparently owed money to. The mob surrounded the castle, and when the warden left the castle, the Jews inside would not let him back in, afraid that the mob would enter with him. The warden appealed to the sheriff who called out the county militia. The militia lay siege to the tower for several days until the tower caught fire, on March 16th. Many Jews either died in the flames or took their own lives rather give themselves up to the mob. Those who did surrender were killed. Around 150 Jews died in all, and they are commemorated by a plaque on the hill where Clifford's Tower now stands.


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