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Why will herd immunity be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs?
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What are difference between antigen drift and antigenic shift?
Both are mutation occurs in virus (usually influenza). But the difference is: antigenic drift are mutation occurs in viral DNA/RNA that cause a person to be re-infected by the virus. while antigenic shift are mutation occurs in viral characteristic, which cause transition from being able to infect poultry ONLY (not human), --> able to infect BOTH poultry and human.
Is swine flu H1N1 an antigenic shift or drift?
antigenic shift
Does the influenza virus readily change the expressions of its genetic material?
RNA genome of influenza virus is segmented in to 7 pieces. It has the unique property of undergoing two types of genetic variation ie antigenic drift and antigenic shift. In antigenic drift the antigenic variations are minor where genetic recombination take place between strains of two similar species whereas in antigenic shift the recombination take place between strains of dissimilar species leading to major antigenic variations and hence seasonal epidemics.
What is antigenic drift?
The genome of viruses can mutate over time through a variety of mechanisms. Some viruses are more prone to these mutations than others. When the genome changes, this changes the proteins that are expressed by the virus, included the proteins that are present on the surface of the virus. These proteins are the antigens that are recognised by the host immune system and which trigger the immune response. Antigenic drift is when the genome of the virus mutates thus changing the antigens expressed by the virus. This means that an individual immunized against a virus may not be protected if the virus undergoes antigenic drift as the proteins present of the surface of the virus are not the same as the virus against which the individual was immunized.
What is CTL escape mutant?
These virus have changed their recognition sequence either via mutation or antigenic drift and are able to escape cytotoxic T lymphocytes of the immune response
When genetic drift occurs due to a dramatic reduction in population?
the bottle neck effect
What is it called when evolution that occurs as a result of chance events like catastrophe?
genetic drift
What are the driving forces of continental drift?
The driving Forces of Continental drift are both gravity and the motion of the underground Tectonic Plates.
Why are fossil?
Fossils are important because they tell us about continental drift which occurs every year.
How do groynes stop continental drift?
They don't. Groynes inhibit longshore drift. Longshore drift occurs when currents develop parallel to a shoreline as a result of wave action, carrying sediment with them. Groynes catch sediment and interfere with these currents. Continental drift, a part of plate tectonics, is a completely unrelated process.
When does long drift occur?
Longshore drift or laminar flow occurs along beachs where the surf comes in at a horizontal angle to the beach. If the beach runs North-South, and the waves come in from the Southwest, you're likely to experience longshore drift to the North.
Wegener's continental drift hypothesis was weakened because a viable mechanism for moving the continents was lacking?
Yes, they could not find a reason that would cause the movements of the continents. Now, scientists have discovered that the continents don't drift, but rather they are carried by tectonic plates.
