they are either too loose or worn out
No adjustment. If there is valve clatter, valve train parts are worn.
There is no adjustment.
There is no adjustment.
They are hydraulic, self adjusting.
There is no adjustment- the engine has hydraulic valve lifters.
There is no adjustment. The rockers are torqued down to specs and that's it. If you have lifter clatter you probably have worn valve train parts.
Sounds like you bent the valve. You'll have to pull the head to fix it.
Could be--valve not closing completely
No adjustment.
5.7 later valve adjustment procedure begins with the removal of the valve cover. Each valve has an adjustment screw. The screws can be turned to adjust the valves.
If its the standard height, nothing. If they are screw in studs with tall nuts, then you will need tall valve covers.
There is no adjustment. If they are clacking you have worn valve train parts, replacement is your only option.