Yes. Circuits in a home are 120 volts but people tend to call them 110 volt circuits. The 120 volts you read on the appliance is the maximum voltage the appliance can handle. The actual voltage you will read at any outlet will range from 110 to 120 volts.
Not much of anything. The 220 volt appliance needs just that ... 220 volts in order to run. If it runs at all, it certainly would not be running at anywhere near peak efficiency.
No, unless the motor was wound for dual voltage operation, which it will state on the motor nameplate, a 110 volt motor run on 240 volts will be damaged.
You will have trouble plugging a 220 volt appliance into a 110 volt outlet because both have different polarities for the plug and receptacle that make it impossible for that action to happen.Altering the plug isn't too good of an idea, as the voltage demand of the appliance would be too heavy for the wiring.
Yes, 120 and 240 volts can be run in the same conduit.
Yes, but you are limited to the amount of current draw the 120 volt load can apply to the adapter.
No a 230 volt appliance should not be pluuged into a 110 volt socket (And vice versa) you need to buy a converter that can be plugged into the 110 volt outlet then the appliance can be plugged into the converter.
Yes there is. They are not commonly available. The device is called an "inverter". In a solar cell installation on a house, the solar cells produce direct current (DC) and charge batteries, such as 12 volt batteries. The inverter then converts the 12 volt DC power to 110 volts AC, or house current. In a car, you need to take 12 volts DC from the battery and convert it into 110 volt AC power, to plug in say a household apppliance. You would need to go to a car accessories company (look for one on the web). A caution: since you are converting 12 volts to110 volts, the current drawn from the car will be about 9 times as many amperes as the AC current rating on the 110 volt household appliance. For any sizeable appliance, this will over-tax the current capacity of the cigarette lighter. First, the fuse in the car will blow. If you intend to use a 110 volt appliance regularly from a car, then you can buy a large inverter that can be mounted in the car and wired to the battery. Depends on what kind of appliance you are trying to run.
You can't. A 220 volt dryer requires 220 volts in order to operate properly. It will not run on 110 volts.
You don't. Voltages are a nominal rating. 110 volts is within the nominal range at this potential. The voltage centre line is 115 volts. Utility companies are mandated to keep voltages locked within 5% of a centre line voltage. This means that it could be as high as 115 + 5% = 120.75 volts and as low as 115 - 5% = 109.25 volts
There are small water heaters that run on 110 volts. However if yours is a large 240 volt heater and you only have 110 volts going to it, then it is fused and one on the fuses has blown in the service panel.
No, a 240 volt device runs on 240, and a 120 volt device runs on 120. Attempting to run a device on incompatible voltage results in damage.