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You will have to have an engineer spec that beam for you. You will save yourself time and money by cutting the span with a column.
250 mm x 400mm
Technically Yes, but you'll need to check with your building inspector because there are codes regarding structure that vary from place to place, and the inspector isn't going to pass something based on my say so.The old rule of thumb was 1 inch for 1 foot, so a 12 foot span would require a 2 x 12.A 4 x 8 isn't equal to a 2 X 16, or even 2 2 X 8's, but it should do if the load isn't too great.I'm guessing you want to go with 8" stock because you've got some headroom issues. You'd be better off structurally with an LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) or OSB (Oriented strand Beam) or a truss, but these are kind of pricey.If you get in trouble see if they'll let you go with them on 12" centers.
Even using a 2x12 the spacing for 20 feet will be less than 12 inches on center. I would recommend splitting the distance with a double beam perpendicular to the joist run. This will allow you to go up to 24 inches on center. Your span will only be ten feet aproximately this way. I would double the beam. (2-2x12 joined together) Good luck. when building your beam make sure the laps on the beam are at least 6 foot apart and put a good wood glue on the 2x12s plus for added strength put 1/2 inch O.S.B. in between the 2x12 and I would also lag or bolt them together, at about 16 to 24 inches O.S.B. = Oscilating Strand Board.
Depends on how much weight is above it!! but on 1 -2 story wood framed structures triple 2x12's glued and nailed will do the trick
Roof Line 30 Foot Span
You will have to have an engineer spec that beam for you. You will save yourself time and money by cutting the span with a column.
That really cannot be answered without looking at the entire set of plans.
These calculations are not difficult, but you must know the load (including the floor weight) that will be carried. And the deflections that the appropriate building regulations allow.
2X8 set 16 inch on center.
Your question cannot be answered as it depends on what the beams load is... porch roof support vs a beam which will support a second story living area and a roof.
That depends on what it carries. All joist/beam manufacturers have span tables that will help you determine this.
Only if you want it to fall later.
Depends on the loads and the properties of the beam. Consult a structural engineer.
Span/load beam questions really cannot be answered. You will need to have the plans looked at by a engineer. At the very least the lumber yard selling the beam may have an on-staff engineer to have a look at it.
big one
first you need to calculate the load on the entire floor. Different uses mean different loads, you look that up in the building code. Then you calculate how much of the floor is held up by the beam. Then you look up what size of beam to use for the number of pounds per lineal foot. For 1 or 2 family homes you can have a lumber yard do this for you. For commercial construction it has to be done by an architect or an engineer.