No it will not. The knock sensor is used to adjust the timing.
No all it is is basically a microphone to monitor for noise-nothing to do with the engine running.
yes, it is protecting the motor from damage.
The knock sensor retards the engine timing when there is a knock or ping detected. This will make the car a little sluggish. It is rare that the knock sensor goes bad.
cam or crank sensor
No, a bad crankshaft sensor would cause the car not to start and run.
Yes, you should always run your vehicle with its Knock sensor.
If the knock sensor failed the CEL (Check Engine Light) would be illuminated and the engine may "ping" or "spark knock" under load. Serious "spark knock" can damage the engine if allowed to continue.
Yes
Yes.
Nothing will happen to the car if you disconnect the knock sensor. It just will not detect a problem if there happens to be one.
Ping.
A bad crankshaft sensor on a 2.3 Ford may cause the car to not start. A bad crankshaft sensor can crank, just not start.