Endometriosis

Answer 1

Definition

Endometriosis is a condition in which the tissue that behaves like the cells lining the uterus (endometrium) grows in other areas of the body, causing pain, irregular bleeding, and possible infertility.

The tissue growth (implant) typically occurs in the pelvic area, outside of the uterus, on the ovaries, bowel, rectum, bladder, and the delicate lining of the pelvis. However, the implants can occur in other areas of the body, too.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Each month a woman's ovaries produce hormones that stimulate the cells of the uterine lining (endometrium) to multiply and prepare for a fertilized egg. The lining swells and gets thicker.

If these cells (called endometrial cells) grow outside the uterus, endometriosis results. Unlike cells normally found in the uterus that are shed during menstruation, the ones outside the uterus stay in place. They sometimes bleed a little bit, but they heal and are stimulated again during the next cycle.

This ongoing process leads to symptoms of endometriosis (pain) and can cause scars (adhesions) on the tubes, ovaries, and surrounding structures in the pelvis.

The cause of endometriosis is unknown, but there are a number of theories. One theory is that the endometrial cells loosened during menstruation may "back up" through the fallopian tubes into the pelvis. Once there, they implant and grow in the pelvic or abdominal cavities. This is called retrograde menstruation. This happens in many women, but there may be something different about the immune system in women who develop endometriosis compared to those who do not get the condition.

Endometriosis is a common problem. Sometimes, it may run in the family. Although endometriosis is typically diagnosed between ages 25 - 35, the condition probably begins about the time that regular menstruation begins.

A woman who has a mother or sister with endometriosis is six times more likely to develop endometriosis than women in the general population. Other possible risk factors include:

• Starting menstruation at an early age
• Never having had children
• Frequent menstrual cycles
• Periods that last 7 or more days
• Problems such as a closed hyman, which block the flow of menstrual blood during the period

Symptoms

Pain is the main symptom for women with endometriosis. This can include:

• Painful periods
• Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic cramps that can be felt for a week or two before menstruation
• Pain in the lower abdomen felt during menstruation (the pain and cramps may be steady and dull or severe)
• Pain during or following sexual intercourse
• Pain with bowel movements
• Pelvic or low Back pain that may occur at any time during the menstrual cycle

Note: Often there are no symptoms. In fact, some women with severe cases of endometriosis have no pain at all, whereas some women with mild endometriosis have severe pain.

Signs and tests

Tests that are done to diagnose endometriosis include:

• Pelvic exam
• Transvaginal ultrasound
• Pelvic laparoscopy

Treatment

Treatment options include:

• Medications to control pain
• Medications to stop the endometriosis from getting worse
• Surgery to remove the areas of endometriosis
• Hysterectomywith removal of both ovaries

Treatment depends on the following factors:

• Age
• Severity of symptoms
• Severity of disease
• Whether you want children in the future

Some women who do not ever want children and have mild disease and symptoms may choose to just have regular exams every 6 - 12 months so the doctor can make sure the disease isn't getting worse. They may manage the symptoms by using:

• Exercise and relaxation techniques
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve), acetaminophen (Tylenol), or prescription painkillers to relieve cramping and pain.

Treatment may involve stopping the menstrual cycle and creating a state resembling pregnancy. This is called pseudopregnancy. It can help prevent the disease from getting worse. It's done using Birth Control pills containing estrogen and progesterone.

• You take the medicine continuously for 6 - 9 months before stopping the medicine for a week to have a period. Side effects include spotting of blood, breast tenderness, nausea, and other hormonal side effects.
• This type of therapy relieves most endometriosis symptoms, but it does not prevent scarring from the disease. It also does not reverse any physical changes that have already occurred.

Another treatment involves progesterone pills or injections. Side effects may be bothersome and include depression, weight gain, and spotting of blood.

Some women may be prescribed medicines that stop the ovaries from producing estrogen. These medicines are called gonadotropin agonist drugs and include nafarelin acetate (Synarel) and Depo Lupron.

• Potential side effects include menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, mood changes, and early loss of calcium from the bones.
• Because of the bone density loss, this type of treatment is usually limited to 6 months. In some cases, it may be extended up to 1 year if small doses of estrogen and progesterone are given to reduce the bone weakening side effects.

Surgery is an option for women who have severe pain that does not improve with hormone treatment, or who want to become pregnant either now or in the future.

• Pelvic laparoscopy or laparotomy is done to diagnose endometriosis and then remove or destroy all of endometriosis-related tissue and scar tissue (adhesions).
• Women with severe symptoms or disease who do not want children in the future may have surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy). One or both ovaries and fallopian tubes may also be removed. One out of three women who do not have both of their ovaries removed at the time of hysterectomy will have their symptoms return and will need to have surgery at a later time to remove the ovaries.

Expectations (prognosis)

Hormone therapy and pelvic laparoscopy cannot cure endometriosis. However, it can partially or completely relieve symptoms in many patients for a number of years.

Removing the uterus (hysterectomy), both ovaries and tubes give the best chance of a cure for endometriosis. You may need hormone replacement therapy after your ovaries are removed. Rarely endometriosis can come back, even after a hysterectomy.

Endometriosis may result in infertility, but not in every patient, and especially if the endometriosis is mild. Laparoscopic surgery may help improve fertility. The chance of success depends on the severity of the endometriosis. If the first surgery does not aid in getting pregnant, repeating the laparoscopy is unlikely to help. Patients should consider further infertility treatments.

Complications

Endometriosis can lead to problems getting pregnant (infertility). Other complications include:

• Chronic or long-term pelvic pain that interferes with social and work activities
• Large cysts in the pelvis (called endometriomas) that may break open (rupture)

Other complications are rare. In a few cases, endometriosis implants may cause blockages of the gastrointestinal or urinary tracts.

Very rarely, cancer may develop in the areas of endometriosis after menopause.

Calling your health care provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:

• You have symptoms of endometriosis
• Back pain or other symptoms come back after endometriosis is treated

Consider getting screened for endometriosis if your mother or sister has been diagnosed with endometriosis, or if you are unable to become pregnant after trying for 1 year.

Prevention

Birth control pills may help to prevent or slow down the development of the disease.

References

Lobo R. Endometriosis: etiology, pathology, diagnosis, management. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap. 19.

Mounsey AL. Diagnosis and management of endometriosis. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74(4):594-600.

Davis L, Kennedy S. Modern combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD001019.

Levy BS. The complex nature of chronic pelvic pain. J Fam Pract. 2007;56:S16-S17.

Bulun SE. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:268-279.

Jacobson TZ, Barlow DH, Koninckx PR, Olive D, Farquhar C. Laparoscopic surgery for subfertility associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev;2002;(4):CD001398.

Answer 2

Definition

Endometriosis is a female health disorder that occurs when cells from the lining of the womb (uterus) grow in other areas of the body. This can lead to pain, irregular bleeding, and problems getting pregnant (infertility).

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Every month, a woman's ovaries produce hormones that tell the cells lining the uterus (womb) to swell and get thicker. The body removes these extra cells from the womb lining (endometrium) when you get your period.

If these cells (called endometrial cells) implant and grow outside the uterus, endometriosis results. The growths are called endometrial tissue implants. Women with endometriosis typically have tissue implants on the ovaries, bowel, rectum, bladder, and on the lining of the pelvic area. They can occur in other areas of the body, too.

Unlike the endometrial cells found in the uterus, the tissue implants outside the uterus stay in place when you get your period. They sometimes bleed a little bit. They grow again when you get your next period. This ongoing process leads to pain and other symptoms of endometriosis.

The cause of endometriosis is unknown. One theory is that the endometrial cells shed when you get your period travel backwards through the fallopian tubes into the pelvis, where they implant and grow. This is called retrograde menstruation. This backward menstrual flow occurs in many women, but researchers think the immune system may be different in women with endometriosis.

Endometriosis is common. Sometimes, it may run in the family. Although endometriosis is typically diagnosed between ages 25 - 35, the condition probably begins about the time that regular menstruation begins.

A woman who has a mother or sister with endometriosis is much more likely to develop endometriosis than other women. You are more likely to develop endometriosis if you:

• Started your period at a young age
• Never had children
• Have frequent periods or they last 7 or more days
• Closed hymen, which blocks the flow of menstrual blood during the period

Symptoms

Pain is the main symptom of endometriosis. A woman with endometriosis may have:

• Painful periods
• Pain in the lower abdomen before and during menstruation
• Cramps for a week or two before menstruation and during menstruation; cramps may be steady and range from dull to severe)
• Pain during or following sexual intercourse
• Pain with bowel movements
• Pelvic or low back pain that may occur at any time during the menstrual cycle

Note: There may be no symptoms. Some women with a large number of tissue implants in their pelvis have no pain at all, while some women with milder disease have severe pain.

Signs and tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. Tests that are done to help diagnose endometriosis include:

• Pelvic exam
• Transvaginal ultrasound
• Pelvic laparoscopy

Treatment

Treatment depends on the following factors:

• Age
• Severity of symptoms
• Severity of disease
• Whether you want children in the future

If you have mild symptoms and do not ever want children, you may choose to have regular exams every 6 - 12 months so the doctor can make sure the disease isn't getting worse. You can manage your symptoms by using:

• Exercise and relaxation techniques
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve), acetaminophen (Tylenol), or prescription painkillers to relieve cramping and pain.

For other women, treatment options include:

• Medications to control pain
• Hormone medications to stop the endometriosis from getting worse
• Surgery to remove the areas of endometriosis or the entire uterus and ovaries

Treatment to stop the endometriosis from getting worse often involves using birth control pills continously for 6 - 9 months to stop you from having periods and create a pregnancy-like state. This is called pseudopregnancy. This therapy uses estrogen and progesterone birth control pills. It relieves most endometriosis symptoms. However, it does not prevent scarring or reverse physical changes that have already occured as the result of the endometriosis.

Other hormonal treatments may include:

• Progesterone pills or injections. However, side effects can be bothersome and include weight gain and depression.
• Gonadotropin-agonist medications such as nafarelin acetate (Synarel) and Depo Lupron to stop the ovaries from producing estrogen and produce a menopause-like state. Side effects include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood changes. Treatment is usually limited to 6 months because it can lead to bone density loss. It may be extended up to 1 year in some cases.

Surgery may be recommended if you have severe pain that does not get better with other treatments. Surgery may include:

• Pelvic laparoscopy or laparotomy to diagnose endometriosis and remove all endometrial implants and scar tissue (adhesions).
• Hysterectomy to remove the womb (uterus) if you have severe symptoms and do not want to have children in the future. One or both ovaries and fallopian tubes may also be removed. If you do not have both of ovaries removed at the time of hysterectomy, your symptoms may return.

Expectations (prognosis)

Hormone therapy and laparoscopy cannot cure endometriosis. However, these treatments can help relieve some or all symptoms in many women for years.

Removal of the womb (uterus), fallopian tubes, and both ovaries (a hysterectomy) gives you the best chance for a cure. Rarely, the condition can return.

Complications

Endometriosis can lead to problems getting pregnant (infertility). Not all women, especially those with mild endometriosis, will have infertility. Laparoscopy to remove scarring related to the condition may help improve your chances of becoming pregnant. If it does not, fertility treatments should be considered.

Other complications of endometriosis include:

• Long-term (chronic) pelvic pain that interferes with social and work activities
• Large cysts in the pelvis (called endometriomas) that may break open (rupture)

In a few cases, endometriosis implants may cause blockages of the gastrointestinal or urinary tracts. This is rare.

Very rarely, cancer may develop in the areas of endometriosis after menopause.

Calling your health care provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:

• You have symptoms of endometriosis
• Back pain or other symptoms come back after endometriosis is treated

Consider getting screened for endometriosis if your mother or sister has been diagnosed with endometriosis, or if you are unable to become pregnant after trying for 1 year.

Prevention

Birth control pills may help to prevent or slow down the development of the endometriosis.

References

Lobo R. Endometriosis: etiology, pathology, diagnosis, management. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap. 19.

Brown J, Pan A, Hart RJ. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD008475.

Giudice LC. Clinical practice. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 24;362(25):2389-98.

de Ziegler D, Borghese B, Chapron C. Endometriosis and infertility: pathophysiology and management. Lancet. 2010 Aug 28;376(9742):730-8.

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 110: noncontraceptive uses of hormonal contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Jan;115(1):206-18.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 07/25/2011

Susan Storck, MD, FACOG, Chief, Eastside Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Redmond, Washington; Clinical Teaching Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Answer 3

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