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Strongyloidiasis

Updated: 11/10/2020
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Definition

Strongyloidiasis is infection with the roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis).

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

S. stercoralis is a roundworm that is fairly common in warm, moist areas. Rarely, it can be found as far north as Canada.

People catch the infection when they come in contact with soil contaminated with the worms.

The tiny worm is barely visible to the naked eye. Young roundworms can move through a person's skin and into the bloodstream to the lungs and airways. As the worms grow older, they bury themselves in the walls of the intestines. Later, they produce eggs in the intestines. Areas where the worms go through the skin may become red and painful.

This infection is uncommon in the United States. Most cases seen in North America are brought by travelers who have visited or lived in South America or Africa.

Symptoms

Most of the time, there are no symptoms.

If there are symptoms, they may include:

Signs and tests

The following tests may be done:

  • Blood antigen test for S. stercoralis
  • Complete blood count with differential
  • Duodenal aspiration to check for S. stercoralis
  • Sputum cultureto check for S. stercoralis
  • Stool sample exam to check for S. stercoralis
Treatment

The goal of treatment is to eliminate the worms with anti-worm medications such as ivermectin.

In some cases, such as in those who will be taking immunosuppressive drugs, people with no symptoms are treated.

Expectations (prognosis)

Full recovery with eradication of parasites is expected with adequate treatment. Sometimes treatment needs to be repeated.

Infections that are widespread often have a poor outcome, especially in people with weakened immune systems.

Complications
  • Acute pulmonary eosinophilia (Loeffler's syndrome)
  • Disseminated strongyloidiasis, especially in patients with HIV or an otherwise compromised immune system
  • Malnutrition due to problems absorbing nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract (malabsorption)
Calling your health care provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of strongyloidiasis.

Prevention

Good personal hygiene can reduce the risk of strongyloidiasis. Adequate public health services and sanitary facilities provide good control of infection.

ReferencesKazura JW. Nematode infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds.Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 378.
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Wiki User

12y ago
Definition

Strongyloidiasis is infection with the roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis).

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

S. stercoralis is a roundworm that is fairly common in warm, moist areas. Rarely, it can be found as far north as Canada.

People catch the infection when their skin comes in contact with soil contaminated with the worms.

The tiny worm is barely visible to the naked eye. Young roundworms can move through a person's skin and into the bloodstream to the lungs and airways.

They then move up to the throat, where they are swallowed into the stomach. The worms then move to the small intestine, where they attach to the wall. Later, they produce eggs, which hatch into tiny larvae and pass out of the body.

Unlike other worms, these larvae can reenter the body through the skin around the anus, which allows an infection to grow. Areas where the worms go through the skin may become red and painful.

This infection is uncommon in the United States. Most cases seen in North America are brought by travelers who have visited or lived in South America or Africa.

Symptoms

Most of the time, there are no symptoms.

If there are symptoms, they may include:

Signs and tests

The following tests may be done:

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to eliminate the worms with anti-worm medications such as ivermectin or albendazole.

In some cases, people with no symptoms are treated. This includes people who take drugs that suppress the immune system.

Expectations (prognosis)

With good treatment, people should make a full recovery and the parasites should be removed. Sometimes treatment needs to be repeated.

Infections that are severe or widespread often have a poor outcome, especially in people with a weakened immune system.

Complications
  • Disseminated strongyloidiasis, especially in patients with HIV or an otherwise weakened immune system
  • Eosinophilic pneumonia
  • Malnutritiondue to problems absorbing nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract (malabsorption)
Calling your health care provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of strongyloidiasis.

Prevention

Good personal hygiene can reduce the risk of strongyloidiasis. Public health services and sanitary facilities provide good infection control.

References

Maguire JW. Intestinal nematodes (roundworms). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolan R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Orlando, FO: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:chap 287.

Kazura JW. Nematode infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 378.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 12/07/2010

David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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Chikungunya and dengue in Kerala?

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abattoir This is all that i could think of. abattoirs aboideau aboideaus aboideaux aboil aboiteau aboiteaus aboiteaux acaroid actinoid actinoids acyloin acyloins adenoid adenoidal adenoids adjoin adjoined adjoining adjoins adjoint adjoints adrenocorticosteroid adrenocorticosteroids adroit adroiter adroitest adroitly adroitness adroitnesses aerofoil aerofoils agatoid airfoil airfoils algoid alkaloid alkaloidal alkaloids allantoic allantoides allantoin allantoins allantois allopolyploid allopolyploidies allopolyploids allopolyploidy allotetraploid allotetraploidies allotetraploids allotetraploidy aloin aloins altoist altoists amberoid amberoids amboina amboinas ambroid ambroids ameboid ammonoid ammonoids amoeboid amphidiploid amphidiploidies amphidiploids amphidiploidy amphiploid amphiploidies amphiploids amphiploidy amygdaloid amygdaloidal amygdaloids amyloid amyloidoses amyloidosis amyloids anaphylactoid anconoid android androids anechoic aneroid aneroids aneuploid aneuploidies 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moistens moister moistest moistful moistly moistness moistnesses moisture moistures moisturise moisturised moisturises moisturising moisturize moisturized moisturizer moisturizers moisturizes moisturizing mongoloid mongoloids monoploid monoploids mooing mouchoir mouchoirs moviegoing moviegoings mucinoid mucoid mucoidal mucoids myceloid myeloid myoid myoinositol myoinositols mythoi myxoid naevoid naoi nautiloid nautiloids needlepoint needlepoints negroid negroids neuroid nevoid nielloing noctuoid noil noils noily noir noirish noirs noise noised noiseless noiselessly noisemaker noisemakers noisemaking noisemakings noises noisette noisettes noisier noisiest noisily noisiness noisinesses noising noisome noisomely noisomeness noisomenesses noisy nomoi noncoincidence noncoincidences noncoital nonexploitation nonexploitations nonexploitative nonexploitive nonjoinder nonjoinders nonjoiner nonjoiners nonoily nonpoint nonpoisonous nonreappointment nonreappointments nonsteroid nonsteroidal nonsteroids nucleoid nucleoids oboist oboists obovoid oceangoing oceloid ochroid octoploid octoploids octroi octrois odontoid odontoids oidia oidium oil oilbird oilbirds oilcamp oilcamps oilcan oilcans oilcloth oilcloths oilcup oilcups oiled oiler oilers oilhole oilholes oilier oiliest oilily oiliness oilinesses oiling oilman oilmen oilpaper oilpapers oilproof oils oilseed oilseeds oilskin oilskins oilstone oilstones oiltight oilway oilways oily oink oinked oinking oinks oinologies oinology oinomel oinomels ointment ointments oiticica oiticicas ongoing ongoingness ongoingnesses operagoing operagoings ophiuroid ophiuroids opioid opioids oroide oroides orthopteroid orthopteroids osteoid osteoids outdoing outechoing outgoing outgoingness outgoingnesses outgoings outpoint outpointed outpointing outpoints outvoice outvoiced outvoices outvoicing overboil overboiled overboiling overboils overdoing overexploit overexploitation overexploitations overexploited overexploiting overexploits overtoil overtoiled overtoiling overtoils ovoid ovoidal ovoids panbroil panbroiled panbroiling panbroils paraboloid paraboloidal paraboloids paranoia paranoiac paranoiacs paranoias paranoic paranoically paranoics paranoid paranoidal paranoids parasitoid parasitoids parathyroid parathyroidectomies parathyroidectomized parathyroidectomy parathyroids paratyphoid paratyphoids parboil parboiled parboiling parboils parodoi parotoid parotoids patois peignoir peignoirs penpoint penpoints pentaploid pentaploidies pentaploids pentaploidy percoid percoids perestroika perestroikas petaloid phenytoin phenytoins philanthropoid philanthropoids photoinduced photoinduction photoinductions photoinductive photoing photointerpretation photointerpretations photointerpreter photointerpreters photoionization photoionizations photoionize photoionized photoionizes photoionizing phylloid phylloids phytoid piccoloist piccoloists pinpoint pinpointed pinpointing pinpoints pissoir pissoirs placoid placoids planetoid planetoidal planetoids plasmoid plasmoids pleochroic pleochroism pleochroisms plerocercoid plerocercoids ploidies ploidy poi poignance poignances poignancies poignancy poignant poignantly poikilotherm poikilothermic poikilotherms poilu poilus poinciana poincianas poind poinded poinding poinds poinsettia poinsettias point pointe pointed pointedly pointedness pointednesses pointelle pointelles pointer pointers pointes pointier pointiest pointillism pointillisms pointillist pointillistic pointillists pointing pointless pointlessly pointlessness pointlessnesses pointman pointmen points pointtillist pointy pois poise poised poiser poisers poises poisha poising poison poisoned poisoner poisoners poisoning poisonings poisonous poisonously poisons poisonwood poisonwoods poitrel poitrels poloist poloists polyploid polyploidies polyploids polyploidy polypoid polyzoic porpoise porpoises postbourgeois postcoital potboil potboiled potboiler potboilers potboiling potboils pourboire pourboires pourpoint pourpoints preboil preboiled preboiling preboils precoital premoisten premoistened premoistening premoistens prismatoid prismatoids prismoid prismoidal prismoids procercoid procercoids proinsulin proinsulins pronephroi pterygoid pterygoids purloin purloined purloiner purloiners purloining purloins pygmoid pyoid pyranoid pyrenoid pyrenoids pyrethroid pyrethroids pyroxenoid pyroxenoids quatrefoil quatrefoils quinoid quinoids quinonoid quoin quoined quoining quoins quoit quoited quoiting quoits racemoid radioimmunoassay radioimmunoassayable radioimmunoassays radioing radioisotope radioisotopes radioisotopic radioisotopically reanoint reanointed reanointing reanoints reappoint reappointed reappointing reappointment reappointments reappoints reboil reboiled reboiling reboils recoil recoiled recoiler recoilers recoiling recoilless recoils recoin recoinage recoinages recoined recoining recoins reconnoiter reconnoitered reconnoitering reconnoiters reconnoitre reconnoitred reconnoitres reconnoitring redoing reechoing reembroider reembroidered reembroidering reembroiders rejoice rejoiced rejoicer rejoicers rejoices rejoicing rejoicingly rejoicings rejoin rejoinder rejoinders rejoined rejoining rejoins remoisten remoistened remoistening remoistens renvoi renvois reoil reoiled reoiling reoils repertoire repertoires reservoir reservoirs resinoid resinoids retinoid retinoids revoice revoiced revoices revoicing rheumatoid rhizoid rhizoidal rhizoids rhomboid rhomboidal rhomboidei rhomboideus rhomboids rodeoing roil roiled roilier roiliest roiling roils roily roister roistered roisterer roisterers roistering roisterous roisterously roisters saccharoidal sacroiliac sacroiliacs sainfoin sainfoins salmonoid salmonoids salvoing sangfroid sangfroids saprozoic sarcoid sarcoidoses sarcoidosis sarcoids sautoir sautoire sautoires sautoirs scaphoid scaphoids schizoid schizoids scincoid scincoids sciuroid scleroid scombroid scombroids seagoing semimoist sepaloid sequoia sequoias sesamoid sesamoids sexploitation sexploitations shamois shampooing shooing sialoid sigloi sigmoid sigmoidal sigmoidally sigmoidoscopies sigmoidoscopy sigmoids siloing siluroid siluroids silverpoint silverpoints simioid sinusoid sinusoidal sinusoidally sinusoids sirloin sirloins sistroid skiddooing skidooing skyphoi sloid sloids soigne soignee soil soilage soilages soilborne soiled soiling soilless soils soilure soilures soiree soirees solenoid solenoidal solenoids soloing soloist soloists sparoid sparoids spermatozoid spermatozoids sphenoid sphenoidal sphenoids spheroid spheroidal spheroidally spheroids spiroid spoil spoilable spoilage spoilages spoiled spoiler spoilers spoiling spoils spoilsman spoilsmen spoilsport spoilsports spoilt sporoid sporozoite sporozoites standpoint standpoints stereoing stereoisomer stereoisomeric stereoisomerism stereoisomerisms stereoisomers steroid steroidal steroidogeneses steroidogenesis steroidogenic steroids stilettoing stoic stoical stoically stoichiometric stoichiometrically stoichiometries stoichiometry stoicism stoicisms stoics strongyloidiases strongyloidiasis strongyloidoses strongyloidosis stuccoing styloid subarachnoid subarachnoidal subjoin subjoined subjoining subjoins subsoil subsoiled subsoiler subsoilers subsoiling subsoils supercoil supercoiled supercoiling supercoils superegoist superegoists superheroine superheroines surrejoinder surrejoinders tabloid tabloids tabooing talapoin talapoins tallyhoing tangoing tattooing tattooist tattooists teloi tenderloin tenderloins teratoid terpenoid terpenoids tetanoid tetraploid tetraploidies tetraploids tetraploidy thalloid theatergoing theatergoings theroid tholoi thoroughgoing thylakoid thylakoids thyreoid thyroid thyroidal thyroidectomies thyroidectomized thyroidectomy thyroiditis thyroiditises thyroids thyrsoid tinfoil tinfoils toil toile toiled toiler toilers toiles toilet toileted toileting toiletries toiletry toilets toilette toilettes toilful toilfully toiling toils toilsome toilsomely toilsomeness toilsomenesses toilworn toit toited toiting toits topoi topsoil topsoiled topsoiling topsoils toroid toroidal toroidally toroids torpedoing tortoise tortoises tortoiseshell tortoiseshells toxoid toxoids trapezoid trapezoidal trapezoids travois travoise travoises trefoil trefoils tretinoin tretinoins trichoid triploid triploidies triploids triploidy trochoid trochoidal trochoids troika troikas troilism troilisms troilite troilites troilus troiluses trois trophozoite trophozoites tuberculoid tuberoid turkois turkoises turmoil turmoiled turmoiling turmoils turquois turquoise turquoises typhoid typhoids unavoidable unavoidably uncoil uncoiled uncoiling uncoils uncoined underdoing undergoing undoing undoings unexploited unfoiled unheroic unjoined unjoint unjointed unjointing unjoints unnoisy unoiled unpoised unsoiled unspoiled unspoilt unvoice unvoiced unvoices unvoicing upboil upboiled upboiling upboils upcoil upcoiled upcoiling upcoils upgoing valgoid vetoing vibrioid vichyssoise vichyssoises viewpoint viewpoints viroid viroids viscoid voice voiced voiceful voicefulness voicefulnesses voiceless voicelessly voicelessness voicelessnesses voiceover voiceovers voiceprint voiceprints voicer voicers voices voicing void voidable voidableness voidablenesses voidance voidances voided voider voiders voiding voidness voidnesses voids voila voile voiles voodooing voodooism voodooisms voodooist voodooistic voodooists voussoir voussoirs waterzooi waterzoois waygoing waygoings wooing wooingly wrongdoing wrongdoings xiphoid xiphoids xyloid xystoi yahooism yahooisms yoicks zebroid zeroing zincoid zoic zoisite zoisites zooid zooidal zooids zygoid