Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 1

Definition

Tetralogy of Fallot refers to a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means present at birth.

Alternative Names

Tet; TOF

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Tetralogy of Fallot is classified as a cyanotic heart defect because the condition causes low oxygen levels in the blood. This leads to cyanosis (a bluish-purple color to the skin).

The classic form of tetralogy includes four related defects of the heart and its major blood vessels:

• Ventricular septal defect (hole between the right and left ventricles)
• Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract (the valve and artery that connect the heart with the lungs)
• Overriding aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) that is shifted over the right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, instead of coming out only from the left ventricle
• A thickened muscular wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy)

At birth, infants may not show signs of cyanosis. However, later they may develop sudden episodes (called "Tet spells") of bluish skin from crying or feeding.

Tetralogy of Fallot is rare, but it is the most common form of cyanotic congenital Heart disease. Patients with tetraology of Fallot have a higher incidence of major non-heart congenital defects.

The cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown. Many factors seem to be involved.

Factors that increase the risk for this condition during pregnancy include:

• Alcoholism in the mother
• Diabetes
• Mother who is over 40 years old
• Poor nutrition during pregnancy
• Rubella or other viral illnesses during pregnancy

There is a high incidence of chromosomal disorders in children with tetralogy of Fallot, such as Down syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome (a condition that causes heart defects, low calcium levels, and immune deficiency).

Symptoms

• Clubbing of fingers (skin or bone enlargement around the fingernails)
• Cyanosis, which becomes more pronounced when the baby is upset
• Difficult feeding (poor feeding habits)
• Failure to gain weight
• Passing out
• Poor development
• Squatting during episodes of cyanosis

Signs and tests

A physical examination with a stethoscope almost always reveals a heart murmur.

Tests may include:

• Chest x-ray
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Echocardiogram
• Electrocardiogram (EKG)
• MRI of the heart (generally after surgery)

Treatment

Surgery to repair tetralogy of Fallot is done when the infant is very young. Sometimes more than one surgery is needed. When more than one surgery is used, the first surgery is done to help increase blood flow to the lungs.

Surgery to correct the problem may be done at a later time. Often only one corrective surgery is performed in the first few months of life. Corrective surgery is done to widen part of the narrowed pulmonary tract and close the ventricular septal defect.

Expectations (prognosis)

Most cases can be corrected with surgery. Babies who have surgery usually do well. Ninety percent survive to adulthood and live active, healthy, and productive lives. Without surgery, death usually occurs by the time the person reaches age 20.

Patients who have continued, severe leakiness of the pulmonary valve may need to have the valve replaced.

Regular follow-up with a cardiologist to monitor for life-threatening arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms) is recommended.

Complications

• Delayed growthand development
• Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
• Seizures during periods when there is not enough oxygen
• Death

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if new unexplained symptoms develop or the patient is having an episode of cyanosis (blue skin).

If a child with tetralogy of Fallot becomes blue, immediately place the child on his or her side or back and put the knees up to the chest. Calm the baby and seek medical attention immediately.

Prevention

There is no known prevention.

References

Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 8th ed. St. Louis, Mo; WB Saunders; 2007.

Answer 2

Definition

Tetralogy of Fallot is a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means that it is present at birth.

Alternative Names

Tet; TOF

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Tetralogy of Fallot causes low oxygen levels in the blood. This leads to cyanosis (a bluish-purple color to the skin).

The classic form includes four defects of the heart and its major blood vessels:

• Ventricular septal defect (hole between the right and left ventricles)
• Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract (the valve and artery that connect the heart with the lungs)
• Overriding aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) that is shifted over the right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, instead of coming out only from the left ventricle
• Thickened wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy)

Tetralogy of Fallot is rare, but it is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Patients with tetraology of Fallot are more likely to also have other congenital defects.

The cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown. Many factors seem to be involved.

Factors that increase the risk for this condition during pregnancy include:

• Alcoholism in the mother
• Diabetes
• Mother who is over 40 years old
• Poor nutrition during pregnancy
• Rubella or other viral illnesses during pregnancy

Children with tetralogy of Fallot are more likely to have chromosome disorders, such as Down syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome (a condition that causes heart defects, low calcium levels, and poor immune function).

Symptoms

• Blue color to the skin (cyanosis), which gets worse when the baby is upset
• Clubbing of fingers (skin or bone enlargement around the fingernails)
• Difficulty feeding (poor feeding habits)
• Failure to gain weight
• Passing out
• Poor development
• Squatting during episodes of cyanosis

Signs and tests

A physical examination with a stethoscope almost always reveals a heart murmur.

Tests may include:

• Chest x-ray
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Echocardiogram
• Electrocardiogram (EKG)
• MRI of the heart (generally after surgery)

Treatment

Surgery to repair tetralogy of Fallot is done when the infant is very young. Sometimes more than one surgery is needed. When more than one surgery is used, the first surgery is done to help increase blood flow to the lungs.

Surgery to correct the problem may be done at a later time. Often only one corrective surgery is performed in the first few months of life. Corrective surgery is done to widen part of the narrowed pulmonary tract and close the ventricular septal defect.

Expectations (prognosis)

Most cases can be corrected with surgery. Babies who have surgery usually do well. More than 90% survive to adulthood and live active, healthy, and productive lives. Without surgery, death usually occurs by the time the person reaches age 20.

Patients who have continued, severe leakiness of the pulmonary valve may need to have the valve replaced.

Regular follow-up with a cardiologist to monitor for life-threatening irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) is recommended.

Complications

• Delayed growthand development
• Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
• Seizures during periods when there is not enough oxygen
• Death

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if new unexplained symptoms develop or the patient is having an episode of cyanosis (blue skin).

If a child with tetralogy of Fallot becomes blue, immediately place the child on his or her side or back and put the knees up to the chest. Calm the baby and seek medical attention immediately.

Prevention

There is no known prevention.

References

Webb GD, Smallhorn JF, Therrien J, Redington AN. Congenital heart disease. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011: chap 65.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 12/01/2011

Kurt R. Schumacher, MD, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, Ann Arbor, MI. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.