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The transmission input shaft has gears on it that mesh with the different drive gears. It is spun by force from the engine, as you select different gears with the shifter, there are different sets of gears being meshed together inside transmission. The synchronizers ensure that the gears being meshed together are turning at the same speed, thus resulting in a smooth shift and no damage to the gears.

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Q: Explain Synchronizer unit of a gear box?
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