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The effect of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell occurs when the neurotransmitter?
binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane, leading to changes in the cell's membrane potential. This can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, influencing the likelihood of an action potential being generated. Ultimately, the effect of the neurotransmitter can influence the communication between neurons in the nervous system.
Describe how synapses work?
The action potential reaches the pre synaptic area, which opens a voltage sensitive Calcium ion gate, allowing calcium ions to move in via diffusion along an electrochemical gradient. The period of refraction (repolarisation) closes this gate. The increased conc. of Calcium ions pushes vesicles with neurotransmitter to the presynaptic membrane, where they fuse and exocytosis causes the neurotransmitter to be released across the synaptic cleft. The NT binds to a receptor which opens Na+ channels on the postsynaptic membrane, allowing depolarisation due to Na+ diffusion which continues the action potential across the other neurone. The neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes or are reabsorbed by endocytosis into the presynaptic cleft, using energy from ATP.
Is the effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily?
Yes, neurotransmitters can modify the ion permeability of muscle cell membranes temporarily by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface. This binding can lead to changes in membrane potential and the initiation of muscle contraction or relaxation.
What effect will an increase in cholesterol in the plasma membrane have on the overall structure and function of the membrane?
An increase in cholesterol in the plasma membrane can make the membrane more rigid and less fluid. This can affect the membrane's ability to allow substances to pass through and communicate with other cells. Overall, it may impact the membrane's structure and function by altering its flexibility and permeability.
What is the effect of increased cholesterol in the plasma membrane on the overall structure and function of the membrane?
Increased cholesterol in the plasma membrane can lead to a more rigid and less fluid membrane structure. This can affect the membrane's ability to allow substances to pass through and communicate with other cells, potentially impacting overall cell function.
What determines the effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic neuron?
the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
The effect of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell occurs when the neurotransmitter?
binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane, leading to changes in the cell's membrane potential. This can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, influencing the likelihood of an action potential being generated. Ultimately, the effect of the neurotransmitter can influence the communication between neurons in the nervous system.
What is the action of dopamine on the postsynaptic membrane?
All neurotransmitters have an effect on the post synaptic membrane of either inhibition or excitation. Dopamine is an Excitatory NT so if a Excitatory Neuron meets with another Excitatory Neuron it creates Excitation. However if it meets with an Inhibitory Neuron Dopamine and the other Excitatory NT's wll only create Inhibition. Only GABA and Glycine are considered Inhhibitory NTransmitters.
The tutor asks the students what determines whether a neurotransmitter will have an inhibitory or excitatory effect on the synaptic process. One student answers that it depends on the nature of the ne?
The effect of a neurotransmitter is determined by the type of receptors it binds to on the postsynaptic neuron. If the neurotransmitter activates ion channels that allow positive ions to flow into the neuron, it typically has an excitatory effect, leading to depolarization. Conversely, if it opens channels for negative ions or closes channels for positive ions, it results in hyperpolarization and an inhibitory effect. Thus, the same neurotransmitter can have different effects depending on the receptor type and the ions involved.
What effect does glutamate produce on a postsynaptic neuron?
Glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, such as NMDA and AMPA receptors. This binding leads to the influx of sodium ions (Na+) and sometimes calcium ions (Ca2+), resulting in depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. As a consequence, the postsynaptic neuron becomes more likely to generate an action potential, thus facilitating neural communication and contributing to processes like learning and memory. Additionally, excessive glutamate activity can lead to excitotoxicity, potentially damaging neurons.
Describe how synapses work?
The action potential reaches the pre synaptic area, which opens a voltage sensitive Calcium ion gate, allowing calcium ions to move in via diffusion along an electrochemical gradient. The period of refraction (repolarisation) closes this gate. The increased conc. of Calcium ions pushes vesicles with neurotransmitter to the presynaptic membrane, where they fuse and exocytosis causes the neurotransmitter to be released across the synaptic cleft. The NT binds to a receptor which opens Na+ channels on the postsynaptic membrane, allowing depolarisation due to Na+ diffusion which continues the action potential across the other neurone. The neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes or are reabsorbed by endocytosis into the presynaptic cleft, using energy from ATP.
What does the process of transmitting a nerve impulse from one neuron to another involve?
When a neurotransmitter lands on their receptor site, they can either excite of inhibit the receiving cell. To excite a cell, positive sodium ions flow to it, which depolarizes the membrane in a similar way to a nerve impulse. The depolarizing effect spreads through the membrane and only last for 1/3 of a millisecond.
What effect does IPSP have on the postsynaptic nerurons membrane?
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) cause hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuron's membrane. This occurs when neurotransmitters bind to receptors, leading to the opening of ion channels that allow negatively charged ions, such as chloride (Cl⁻), to flow into the cell or positively charged ions, like potassium (K⁺), to flow out. As a result, the membrane potential becomes more negative, making it less likely for the neuron to reach the threshold for firing an action potential. Thus, IPSPs serve to inhibit neuronal activity and modulate signal transmission in neural circuits.
How is excitatory postsynaptic potential produce?
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are produced when neurotransmitters bind to excitatory receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, causing a depolarization of the neuron. This depolarization results in the opening of ion channels that allow positively charged ions, such as sodium and calcium, to enter the neuron, further depolarizing it. The cumulative effect of EPSPs from multiple synapses can reach the threshold for action potential initiation.
A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that when released has an effect on the next cell is called a?
neurotransmitters
What was the first drug to have an effect on a neurotransmitter?
Opium.
What is it when nerve impulses are interrupted and muscles don't react?
This can be caused by inhibitor molecules known as neurotoxins occupying the active sites of the receptor molecules of the postsynaptic neurone membrane, this prevents an action potential from being carried from the presynaptic neurone to the postsynaptic neurone, thus preventing the passage of a nerve impulse and consequental muscular contractions that produce an effect to stimuli
