The primary stain used in Gram staining is crystal violet.
Both processes use 2 stains. The Gram staining process uses crystal violet as the primary stain and safranin as the secondary stain. Acid-fast staining uses carbol fuchsin as the primary and methylene blue as the secondary.
Gram positive bacteria stain purple in the Gram staining technique because they have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet dye used in the staining process.
If alcohol (decolorizing step) is omitted then the primary stain absorb by the bacteria will not be washed away. This will result in all or nearly all the bacteria to appear purple in color under the microscope.
If your talking about Acid Fast staining (aka Ziehl-Neelsen staining), after the addition of the primary stain (carbol fuchsin) heat is applied in order to facilitate proper staining. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium contain large amounts of lipid substances within their cell wall called mycolic acids. These acids resist staining by ordinary methods such as gram staining (where heat is not applied after primary staining). On application of heat, the stain carbol fuschin penetrates the cell wall and stains the cells pink. Following the secondary staining (methylene blue) the acid fast positive cells appear pink while others are stained blue. Endospore staining is yet another staining technique where heat is applied after primary staining (malachite green). In this case the spores are impermeable to stains, hence heating favours proper permeation of stain. Endospores appear green while vegetative cells appear red (secondary stain saffranine). Not all staining procedures involve applying heat after primary staining. However, heat is applied before even beginning the staining procedure. This is called heat fixing, where the cells are fixed so that they are not washed away during the subsequent washing steps.
safranin
Both processes use 2 stains. The Gram staining process uses crystal violet as the primary stain and safranin as the secondary stain. Acid-fast staining uses carbol fuchsin as the primary and methylene blue as the secondary.
Safranin is used as a counterstain in Gram staining to colorize Gram-negative bacteria, as they do not retain the crystal violet primary stain. This allows for better contrast and differentiation of Gram-negative bacteria against the purple Gram-positive bacteria.
No, iodine is not a basic stain. Iodine is commonly used in Gram staining to identify bacteria as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on their cell wall composition. It acts as a mordant in the staining process and helps to fix the crystal violet stain in Gram staining.
Gram positive bacteria stain purple in the Gram staining technique because they have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet dye used in the staining process.
Sodium bicarbonate is used to adjust the pH of the staining solution in the Gram stain procedure. Merthiolate is used as a mordant to enhance the crystal violet staining in the Gram stain. Together, they help differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on their cell wall characteristics.
Heat is the mordant used in the spore stain, it fixes the primary stain.
If alcohol (decolorizing step) is omitted then the primary stain absorb by the bacteria will not be washed away. This will result in all or nearly all the bacteria to appear purple in color under the microscope.
Gram's iodine stain is applied after the culture is stained with the primary stain. It acts as a mordant, fixing the primary stain to the cell wall while lending no additional colour to the cell (i.e. the mordant itself is not a stain). The mordant is only able to fix the stain to Gram-positive bacteria because of the characteristic thick, peptidoglycan coat that they possess. Because the mordant is not able to fix the stain to Gram-negative bacteria (who's coat have a different composition), the crystal violet stain will wash away from Gram-negative bacteria when the decolourizing agent is added.
Differential staining is the procedure that are used to distinguish organism based on their staining properties. Use of gram stain divide bacteria into two classes - gram positive which retain crystal violet stain purple colour, gram negative which lose their crystal violet and give pink colour. By this method we can differentiate two different types of bacteria having different cell wall composition that is the reason gram staining used widely as differential staining
Differential staining is the procedure that are used to distinguish organism based on their staining properties. Use of gram stain divide bacteria into two classes - gram positive which retain crystal violet stain purple colour, gram negative which lose their crystal violet and give pink colour. By this method we can differentiate two different types of bacteria having different cell wall composition that is the reason gram staining used widely as differential staining
Endospores have a unique structure with thick layers of protein and peptidoglycan that resist the staining process used in Gram staining. The dye used in Gram staining is unable to penetrate these layers, resulting in endospores not taking up the stain. Specialized staining techniques, such as the Schaeffer-Fulton method, are required to visualize endospores.
If your talking about Acid Fast staining (aka Ziehl-Neelsen staining), after the addition of the primary stain (carbol fuchsin) heat is applied in order to facilitate proper staining. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium contain large amounts of lipid substances within their cell wall called mycolic acids. These acids resist staining by ordinary methods such as gram staining (where heat is not applied after primary staining). On application of heat, the stain carbol fuschin penetrates the cell wall and stains the cells pink. Following the secondary staining (methylene blue) the acid fast positive cells appear pink while others are stained blue. Endospore staining is yet another staining technique where heat is applied after primary staining (malachite green). In this case the spores are impermeable to stains, hence heating favours proper permeation of stain. Endospores appear green while vegetative cells appear red (secondary stain saffranine). Not all staining procedures involve applying heat after primary staining. However, heat is applied before even beginning the staining procedure. This is called heat fixing, where the cells are fixed so that they are not washed away during the subsequent washing steps.