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Adaptation in ecology is where organisms interact with their environment. For instance, the penguin of the Southern Pole caps is adapted with its fatty layers to keep from freezing. Humans in the Andes Mountains of South America have developed extra large lungs to handle the altitude which contains less oxygen in the air. Another factor is the sea worms in the Atlantic trench that thrive on methane gas and sulfur.

Behavioral ecologists observe animal behavior in their environment past and present. Cattlemen for example, determine how much range in what environment, can support their stock, like the high deserts in New Mexico have scarce grasses compared to the grassy hills in California.

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