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Are ionized molecules less reactive than non-ionized molecules?
Ionized molecules are generally more reactive than non-ionized molecules because they have unpaired electrons or a charge that makes them more likely to participate in chemical reactions. This increased reactivity is due to the higher energy state of ionized molecules compared to non-ionized ones.
When chlorine is ionized does it become anion or cation?
Chlorine becomes an anion when it is ionized, as it gains one electron to achieve a more stable electron configuration.
Describe and explain the features of a drug molecule that could lead to the drug being addictive.?
A drug molecule that is lipophilic (capable of easily crossing the blood-brain barrier) and activates the brain's reward system by stimulating the release of dopamine is more likely to be addictive. If the drug rapidly enters the bloodstream and has a short duration of action, it may also increase the likelihood of addiction by causing intense and immediate reinforcement of drug-taking behavior. Additionally, if the drug induces tolerance or physical dependence, it can lead to addictive behavior as the individual requires higher doses to achieve the same effects and experiences withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of the drug.
What is an ionized atom?
When an atom is ionized, that means that it is sharing one or more electrons with another atom.
What happens is an atom is ionized?
When an atom is ionized, that means that it is sharing one or more electrons with another atom.
What is effect of pH on absorption of a drug?
the more ionized the drug is the less absorption
Are ionized molecules less reactive than non-ionized molecules?
Ionized molecules are generally more reactive than non-ionized molecules because they have unpaired electrons or a charge that makes them more likely to participate in chemical reactions. This increased reactivity is due to the higher energy state of ionized molecules compared to non-ionized ones.
Why is drug metabolism needed?
Drug metabolism is needed to convert foreign substances like drugs into compounds that can be easily eliminated from the body. This process helps to detoxify and remove potentially harmful chemicals from the body, ensuring they do not accumulate to toxic levels. Additionally, drug metabolism can activate certain medications, making them more potent or effective.
What is ionized and non ionized drug?
IonizedSome drugs are made up of several elements combined to make the drug which has no charge (neither plus or minus). If these drugs can be ionized, they can split into two parts. One of the parts carries a plus charge (+) while the other part has a negative charge (-). A simple example is table salt or sodium chloride (NaCl) which can become ionized in water. NaCl is an inorganic compound.NaCl = Na+ + Cl-[the pluses and minuses should be positioned higher like the number for a footnote]NonionizedOther types of drugs such as organic compounds don't ionize. The molecules in their structures are stuck together in such a way that they do not separate into parts. An example of a nonionized compound is benzene.
How can drugs with the COOH be made more lipophilic?
The COOH group can be changed to a tetrazole group to increase the drug's lipophilicity. Both groups have a similar pKa value so the ionisation of the molecules should be similar.
Plasma?
an ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions resulting in more or less no overall electric charge.
What are some trends for drugs in a homologous series?
As the carbon chain of the drugs get longer, the drugs become more lipophilic. The more lipophilic the drugs are, the more easily they can penetrate biological barriers or cell membranes. However, drugs that are too lipophilic may be precipitated out due to their lower solubility in water and this prevents them from entering cells.
What is is an ionized atom?
When an atom is ionized, that means that it is sharing one or more electrons with another atom.
Is a steroid hydrophobic or hydrophilic or amphipathic?
Yes. However, more to the point is that steroid hormones are lipophilic.
What happens during the biphasic process of drug metabolism?
Phase I: Lipophilic drugs need to become more polar so that they can be excreted in urine. New polar functional groups hence need to be unmasked for added to them. This can happen via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.Phase II: The original drug or drug metabolites gets conjugated to acetate, sulfate, glutathione, or glucuronic acid. They can hence be excreted even more quickly due to their increased polarity.
What are three chemical properties of ibuprofen?
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) characterized by several key chemical properties: it has a molecular formula of C13H18O2, indicating it contains two oxygen atoms, which contribute to its acidic properties. Ibuprofen is slightly soluble in water but more soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and acetone, reflecting its lipophilic nature. Additionally, it exhibits a pKa value of approximately 5, indicating it can exist in both ionized and unionized forms depending on the pH of its environment, which affects its absorption and efficacy in the body.
Why are lipophilic viruses easier to kill?
Lipophilic viruses require the lipid (fatty) envelope to remain active ("live"*), and the fatty layer can be destroyed by alcohol. Non-lipophilic viruses do not require this fatty envelope, and the protein layer (capsid) is more resistant to alcohol. *Note: viruses are not actually alive, they are only genetic codes with 1 or 2 (lipophilic) protective layers. Biologists call "live" viruses *active* and "dead" viruses *inactive* or *inactivated*.
