Original Answer which is incorrect: Application Layer The answer is none. FTP(Layer/7: File Transfer Protocol) which is a daemon or service that lies on computers on micro, to mid, to mainframe computers all use this service. The service was designed during the original design of the 'internet' by DARPA(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) to transfer data between 'unlike' computer operating systems for redundancy reasons. Likewise, Microsoft Access or Microsoft Excel, which are also application levels of the OSI model or layer 7, can communicate to all levels of the OSI model. Microsoft Access can for instance talk though ODBC, then through an appropriate protocol like TCP/IP to a database anywhere in the world on a publicly addressed space. Therefore, Application layer programs, can in fact communicate through the lower six layers. I can see the argument that layer 7 does not provide services to lower layers, unless you have seen this on a protocol analyzer. When an FTP or Web(HTTP)request comes in, it travels up the OSI model from physical to application. It is dealt with on the local CPU, then sent down the OSI model from layer 7 to 1, then out the default router. You also have push functions on the internet that exist in code on many types of devices that originate on layer 7(like your uploading your camera photos through your email program), including web servers. So to argue that web servers only respond to client requests is not proper either. I hope this has cleared up this issue. The OSI model is meant to encompass all measures of communications. All are related. No exceptions except for dead packets. e
The Application layer uses protocols that are implemented within applications and services. While applications provide people with a way to create messages and Application layer services establish an interface to the network, protocols provide the rules and formats that govern how data is treated.
The Seven layers of the OSI model are: Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical I think the answer to your question is the Application layer.
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection. The answer to the question which layer of the OSI model are layers capable of functioning is at all layers.
No, At each layer, protocols perform servers unique to that layer. While performing those services, the protocols also interact with protocols in the layers directly above and below. In addition, at the top of the OSI model, Application layer protocols interact with the software you use. At the bottom, Phsyical layer services act on the networking cables and connectors to issue and receive signals.
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Mac & llc
2. The epidermis and the Dermis. The epidermis (outer layer of skin) has layer within it (5).
The body wall consists of three main layers: the outermost layer is the integumentary system (skin), followed by the connective tissue layer (dermis), and the innermost layer is the muscular layer (muscles). These layers work together to provide protection, support, and movement for the body.
Molluscs typically have three main tissue layers: the outer layer (epidermis), middle layer (connective tissue), and inner layer (gastrodermis). These layers help provide structure and support to the mollusc's body.
The three layers of hair are the cuticle (outermost layer), cortex (middle layer responsible for strength and elasticity), and medulla (innermost layer, not always present in all hair types). These layers work together to provide structure and protection to the hair strand.
the three layers are.... compact bone spongy bone bone marrow
An arrangement of sediments in visible layers within a rock is called stratification. This layering is typically caused by the deposition of sediments over time, with each new layer representing a different period of sedimentation. Stratification can provide important information about the environmental conditions and processes that existed when the rock was formed.
The plural of layer is layers.
Bones are composed of multiple layers, including the periosteum (outer layer), compact bone (dense, strong layer), spongy bone (porous inner layer), and bone marrow (innermost layer where blood cells are produced). These layers work together to provide structure, support, and protection to the body.
The best indication of the relative age of a rock layer is its position in relation to other rock layers. The principle of superposition states that in a sequence of undisturbed rock layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest is at the top. Cross-cutting relationships, fossil succession, and original horizontality can also provide clues for determining relative age.
NIC's can perform in the Data Link Layer of the OSI model. However, they can also perform services in the Physical Layer.(Network+ Guide to Networking Answer)Physical and Data Link layers
The layers of water typically refer to the different zones within a body of water based on depth and temperature. These layers include the epilimnion (warm, surface layer), thermocline (middle layer with a rapid temperature decrease), and hypolimnion (cold, deep layer). These layers are important for understanding the distribution of organisms and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems.