If you use the whole trumpet you probably will damage it, but you should only need the mouth-piece. You will burn the mouth piece but should be able to wipe it clean.
The buttons on a trumpet are called valves.
with great care pour boiling water on the area of the trumpet that the mouthpiece goes in to . This is thiner than the mouth piece and should expend a little quicker. It would be wise to have someone assist as you will need to have pliers with cloth wrapped around mouth piece to turn and pull - do not hammer any part as it will lead to damage
it depends on the key but about 4 feet.
30 Minutes!
Are you sure you mean Art Blakey? To the best of my knowledge, he was a jazz drummer, not a trumpet player.
you buzz into the metal mouth piece like you do in a trumpet, french horn and trombone
No. The alto horn mouthpiece is a little larger.
Blow into the mouth piece while firmly pressing the lips together. If you remove the mouth piece from the Trumpet the sound made would sound like someone passing gas, if you are doing it correctly. The shape of the trumpet takes the vibrations made by blowing in this manner and changes them into different notes. The note made depends on how firmly your lips are pressed together and what valves you have depressed.
It actually comes out the spit valve located on the pipe under the bell
No. Soda does not remove rust from ANYTHING! If it were strong enough to eat away the rust, it would also wreck your trumpet.
Touch the roof of your mouth