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Consider the electron configuration for sodium:

[Na] 1s2 , 2p2 2p6 3s1

and sodium ion

[Na]+, has no electrons in the 3rd shell as the 3s orbital is empty due to the loss of the electron.

Therefore, due to the missing orbital, the size of the ion is much smaller than the neutral atom. This is also true with all cations. Anions on the other hand become larger as they become electronegative, due to electron shielding.

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