active region
The use of a decade counter is to store or keep track of something happening or an event . Usually, counter circuits are digital in nature.
Before circuit boards, we used point-to-point wiring between components that were usually mounted onto a metal chassis or plugged in to sockets. It's a low-tech method still used in prototyping, for very small production runs and by hobbyists. Individual transistors developed into integrated circuits (chips), but these were still mounted onto some kind of circuit board/chassis. The advance was to integrate *very many* transistors (millions-plus) into Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits, such as microprocessors and memory chips. So.... 1. A low-cost, short-run alternative is point-to-point wiring, 2. The high-technology alternative is to integrate many//most/all functions into a single ship.
ICs (Integrated circuits) can do any number of things in a circuit. Typical analog ICs are timers, amplifiers, etc. Some digital ICs are counters, adders, multipliers, interface circuits, microprocessors, etc. They are typically silicon-based.
A capacitor whose capacitance is variable (within some range). They are usually used to adjust resonant circuits or delay circuits.
Series circuits are used in areas where the operation of the circuit is required to be linear.
The primary reason that NPN transistors are used more often than PNP transistors is that they usually operate faster (at higher frequencies) because the mobility of the current carriers in NPN transistors (electrons) is much higher than that of the current carriers in PNP transistors (holes).
ECMs use large scale integrated circuits that are usually embedded in epoxy. They do not contain discrete transistors and are generally not designed to be serviced.
either field effect (JFET, MOSFET) or junction (BJT) or point contact (usually considered obsolete)either small signal or high powereither electron majority carrier (N-channel FET, NPN BJT) or hole majority carrier (P-channel FET, PNP BJT)either linear (used in amplifier and oscillator circuits) or switching (used in digital logic circuits)etc.
either field effect (JFET, MOSFET) or junction (BJT) or point contact (usually considered obsolete)either small signal or high powereither electron majority carrier (N-channel FET, NPN BJT) or hole majority carrier (P-channel FET, PNP BJT)either linear (used in amplifier and oscillator circuits) or switching (used in digital logic circuits)etc.
Not possible to say without knowing much more. In analog circuits every signal has an infinite continuum of states. In digital circuits every signal usually has two states (some digital circuits have been built with three states), but there may be many many billions of these signals (e.g. 21,000,000,000 is an awful lot of states).
In most discrete bipolar junction transistors the substrate is the collector. In monolithic integrated circuits the bipolar junction transistors are electrically isolated from the substrate, either by reversed biased junctions or insulator (e.g. sapphire). Some older bipolar junction transistor types (usually made with germanium) the substrate is the base. In bipolar point contact transistors the substrate was the base.
The use of a decade counter is to store or keep track of something happening or an event . Usually, counter circuits are digital in nature.
The word "generation" as used with respect to computers refers to the type of electronic components used to make computers of the specified generation.One common ordering of the computer generations is as follows:first generation, 1942 to 1958 - vacuum tubessecond generation 1957 to 1967 - discrete transistors (usually germanium transistors)third generation - 1964 to present time - integrated circuits (usually silicon monolithic integrated circuits, but some were hybrid integrated circuits)fourth generation - 1971 to present time - microprocessor integrated circuitsfifth generation - there is lots of debate on the definition of this (and possible following) generation as well as when (or even if) it began
A monolithic integrated circuit is a collection of interconnected electronic devices (transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors) all formed on the surface of a single pieceof a semiconductor crystal (usually silicon). "Monolith" means "one rock".
It's a plastic foam that has been saturated with carbon particles, allowing it to dissipate static charges. Due to the high carbon content, it is usually black in color. It is frequently used for packaging or storing static-sensitive electronic components, such as MOSFET transistors and integrated circuits.
Most practical circuits are parallel circuits. A parallel circuit has two advantages: (1) the voltage appearing across each branch is the same as the supply voltage and, (2) on one branch becomes disconnected, then the other branches continue to work. The reason that (1) is important is because for a load to operate at its rated power, it must be subject to its rated voltage which is (usually) the supply voltage. All homes are connected in parallel, as are the various circuits in (for example) a car.
Most practical circuits are parallel circuits. A parallel circuit has two advantages: (1) the voltage appearing across each branch is the same as the supply voltage and, (2) on one branch becomes disconnected, then the other branches continue to work. The reason that (1) is important is because for a load to operate at its rated power, it must be subject to its rated voltage which is (usually) the supply voltage. All homes are connected in parallel, as are the various circuits in (for example) a car.