Lactic acid is primarily reconverted back into glycogen in the liver through a process called gluconeogenesis. During this process, lactate is transported from the muscles to the liver, where it is converted into glucose and subsequently stored as glycogen. This conversion is part of the Cori cycle, which helps to maintain energy balance during and after intense exercise.
It is generally accepted that epinephrine promotes the breakdown of muscle glycogen to lactic acid and that this lactic acid is largely reconverted to glycogen by the liver.
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The amount of oxygen liver cells require to react lactic acid to produce glucose or the glycogen is the oxygen debt. Threshold stimulus is the minimal amount of energy required to contract a muscle fiber.
The by-product of incomplete glycogen breakdown in the absence of oxygen is lactic acid. This occurs during anaerobic metabolism when muscles do not have enough oxygen to produce energy, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid as a result of partial breakdown of glucose for energy.
oxygen debt
Consuming a lactic acid drink after a workout may help reduce muscle soreness and fatigue, improve muscle recovery, and replenish glycogen stores. Lactic acid drinks can also aid in hydration and provide essential nutrients for muscle repair and growth.
The liver will extract lactic acid from the blood stream and convert it into glycogen, a reserve fuel type of energy.
The lactic acid energy system relies on the breakdown of glycogen to produce energy. As it does not require oxygen to break down glycogen a by-product called lactic acid is formed. If enough lactic acid is accumulated then the body begins to fatigue. To recover, the lactic acid requires oxygen. Once oxgen is present the lactic acid can be converted back to pyruvic acid which can once again be used to produce energy. Therefore to speed up recovery of the lactic system an "active"recovery at a low intencity is recommended. This then employs the use of the aerobic energy system which requires oxygen to be transported to the working muscles, and at the same time removing the fatiguing lactic acid.
Glycogen acts as a fuel source during intense exercise when the lactic acid system is engaged. It is broken down into glucose, which is then used to produce energy through anaerobic glycolysis, leading to the production of lactic acid as a byproduct. This process helps provide a rapid but short-term energy source for muscles during high-intensity activities.
The liver converts lactic acid to glucose, which it then can convert to glycogen for storage.
Lactate (also known as lactic acid) and NAD+
Once sufficient oxygen is restored, the lactic acid produced via anaerobic glycolysis can be utilized for energy or reconverted into glucose by the liver and other tissues (a process known as oxidation).