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A good example of this is the legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Mexico. In 2010, the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that all Mexican states must recognize same-sex marriages, even though none of them at the time permitted same-sex couples to marry. The Supreme Court is located in the Federal District, which at the time was the only place in Mexico where same-sex couples could legally marry.

Governors and local officials, especially in rural areas, basically ignored the ruling and pledged to continue to limit marriage to opposite-sex couples in their territories forever, saying that the morals and values of people in the Federal District was not representative of Mexico on the whole.

In this example, we see tension between the centralized federal government which operates in an urban and cosmopolitan metropolis, versus the provincial, rural state and local governments of a traditionally Catholic country.

In the United States, the tension is reversed. Several states have legalized same-sex marriage. Many urban areas within other states have done all they can to provide benefits to same-sex couples despite opposition in state legislatures. Despite progress on the state level, the federal government decided back in 1996 that it would have no part in same-sex marriage, thereby creating a gross discrepancy in the rights of same-sex couples on the state and federal levels. Under the leadership of President Barack Obama, however, a massive push for federal recognition has begun and the issue is likely to be decided by the US Supreme Court. If SCOTUS decides in favor of same-sex marriage, then tensions are likely to reverse, as the federal government will be seen as pushing for marriage equality against unwilling state legislatures.

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