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There are so many ethnic neighborhoods in America that a local grocery store may well have hot chiles from many countries available. However, if we restrict the groceries to traditional "Americana" supermarkets, the hottest on the shelves would probably most frequently be Habaneros, (Capsicum Chinense, Habanero). Until 2005 Habaneros were the official world's hottest pepper. They can be measured at around 600,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU).

The SHU is named for Wilbur Scoville, who developed the rating system, and is the way that chiles are ranked according to their hotness. Athough, the typical grocery Habaneros these days are usually not at the peak of heat levels due to variations in freshness, handling, ripeness at picking, and other compromises made for shipping concerns. For comparison a typical jalapeño ranges from 2500 to 10,000 SHU, with 5000 SHU the average.

Interesting Habanero factoids:

Habanero Chile is pronounced "Hob-ah-nare'-oh". The "n" has the normal English sound rather than the Spanish "ñ" sound as in jalapeño (hah-lah-pain'-yo). The character above the n (~) is called a tilde and it indicates that the n is pronounced as is the "ny" in the word canyon.

The name Habanero for this Capsicum Chinese variety comes from the fact that, originally, these chiles were imported to the US through Havana, Cuba. Although Habaneros aren't native to Cuba, the name stuck for this type of chile because they came by way of Havana.

The hottest chile now holding the record instead of Habanero is the ghost chile from India. This chile is also known as naga jolokia or bhut jolokia. There are "unofficial cultivars", the Dorset naga and the "Ghost chile". The naga jolokia and other varieties of this type of chile range in SHU from a whopping 855,000 to 1,463,700!

A chile with a similar "fruity" flavor as the Habanero is the Scotch Bonnet, which is used in many Caribbean dishes and sauces, although it is slightly less hot than a Habanero. It gets its name from its shape that looks a bit like the hat.

The capsaicin (the alkyloid that produces the hot sensation inside chiles) is contained in the membranes on the inner part of the chile, not in the corns/seeds as many people think. That is why the stem end of a chile is the hottest part instead of the tip since the membranes are more concentrated in that part of the chile.

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