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1. The fossil record provides excellent evidence for evolution. Intermediary species such as archaeopteryx, legged cetaceans, horse series, elephant series, cat series--abound.

2. Pseudogenes are genes that do not code for proteins. They essentially are non functioning genes. These are segments of DNA that look like genes, but don't work. Humans and old world monkeys share a defective gene for the synthesis of ascorbic acid, which indicates we share common ancestry.

3. Viral DNA. There are segments of DNA that have been inserted into the genomes of closely related species. It could be possible for two separate species to become contaminated with the same viral insertions, but the only reasonable explanation for intronic insertions of the same length at the same loci is common ancestry.

4. Evolution has been observed. Bacterial resistance is one example. Crawfish resistance to mining toxins is another. Darwin noticed changes in the length of the beaks of entire populations of Galapagos Island finches. Other biologists have noted changes in chiclid species of fish in Lake Victoria, Africa. Studies of Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, have confirmed theories of how speciation occurs.

5. Race circles. Geographically adjacent related species can interbreed in some areas, whereas those that are more distant cannot. Reproductive isolation is a key indicator of speciation.

6. Chromosome counts. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, whereas other primates have 24 pairs. Chromosomes end with a sequence of DNA readily identified as "telomeres." We have identified the pair of "monkey" chromosomes that fused to reduce the number of chromosomes in our species, and have even identified the relic telomere sequences still buried in those pairs.

7. Cladistics. There are indeed other explanations as to why all animal species can be grouped into a nested hierarcy, but common ancestry is the simplest and only purely natural explanation. Ray Comfort asks why people have never seen a "crockaduck," a joke cross between a crocodile and a duck. Indeed, such a creature would undermine the theory of evolution, and be excellent evidence for an origin of species other than via gradual change and common ancestry. Evolution indicates birds evolved from a small group of dinosaurs, and not directly from reptiles.

Why are all mammals tetrapods? Why are all mammals vertebrates? Why are all the mammals native to Australia marsupials? The exceptions are the dingo, whose earliest Australian fossils do not predate the arrival of our species there, rats (same thing), and bats. The wombat is a marsupial, not a flying mammal.

We also see vestigial limbs in snakes (reptiles) and whales (marine mammals). The tails of whales are flukes, which are horizontal, as opposed to vertical fins like those of fish and sharks. The reason is that flukes evolved from hind limbs.

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