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a Jewish officer in the French army
second empire
French Imperialist policies were implemented throughout the world. In the New World, France tried to conquer Mexico during the 1860s, only to be repelled by the Mexican forces after a few years. France also established a massive empire in West Africa and Madagascar along with territories in Southeast Asia, specifically Indochina and Spheres of Influence in China.
Ireland
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most middle-class men
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Great Britain
Radical.
Paris commune
Napoleon III
All adult males were allowed to vote.
General prosperity.
Between 6,000 and 7,000 confirmed, with estimates as high as 20,000
Alsace and Lorraine.
As a consequence of the large indebtedness acquired after both the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and the Reform Wars (1857-1861), the Mexican government faced such economic difficulties that president Benito Juarez suspended interest payments to foreign countries on July 17th, 1861. This angered France, Spain and England, who united their efforts to apply gunboat diplomacy on Mexico, and force it to continue with these payments. On December 8th of the same year, the Spanish fleet and troops from Spanish-controlled Cuba arrived at Mexico's main Gulf port, Veracruz.
Juarez negotiated the terms of such payments at the "La Soledad Preliminaries"; while Spain and England were satisfied and pulled their troops from the region, France wasn't interested in such debt: they were interested in conquering Mexico to prevent the rising of the United States as a world power by establishing a foothold in the Americas, and supporting the Confederate forces during the American Civil War (1861-1865). As a secondary objective, France was interested in exploiting the large silver, copper and iron mines located on northern Mexico.
On March 6th, 1862 5,000 French troops arrived to Veracruz, letting know friends and foes alike that France was in for the conquest of Mexico. The United States weren't able to protest until May 6th of 1862, but by that date, the legendary Battle of Puebla or Cinco de Mayo (May 5th, 1862) had already taken place.
Prussia
1875
He was convicted for selling military secrets to the Germans. It quickly transpired later that someone else had sold the documents, and the 'proof' presented at the trial was of the kind of the handwriting expert stating as testimony that the fact that the defendant's handwriting looked nothing at all like the handwriting found in documents was 'proof' that the defendant had been purposedly covering his tracks.
Even in the face of overwhelming evidence of Dreyfuss' innocence it took more than a decade before he was rehabilitated. He later fought with distinction in WW 1.
Many people wanted Monarchy
Anti-semitism.
Some of Napoleon III's positive contributions were:
- Modernized the French banking system
- Greatly expanded and consolidated the French railroad system
- Made the French merchant marine the second largest in the world
- Promoted the building of the Suez Canal
- Established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made France an agricultural exporter
- Negotiated the 1860 Cobden-Chevalier free trade agreement
- Gave French workers the right to strike and the right to organize
- Women's education greatly expanded
The American Civil War (1861-1865) qualifies as the main reason preventing the United States from challenging the French control of Mexico.
Napoleon III was Napoleon I's nephew.
Corn Laws
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