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Do antigen presenting cells have major histocompatibility complex class I molecules?
Yes, antigen presenting cells have major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.
Antibody molecules consists of how many polypeptide chains depending on which class of antibody is considered?
two
What is antibody class switching?
Antibody class switching is a biological process in which B cells change the type of antibody they produce without altering the specificity for the antigen. This occurs after initial exposure to an antigen and involves the rearrangement of the constant region of the antibody gene, allowing the B cell to produce different classes of antibodies, such as IgM to IgG or IgA. Class switching enhances the immune response by enabling antibodies to perform various functions more effectively, tailored to different types of pathogens. This process is crucial for adaptive immunity, providing long-lasting protection against infections.
Are B cells are activated with the help of TH2 cells?
Yes, Th2 cells activate B cells with mostly cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10. Some B cells can activate without the help of Th2 cells, however, there are certain requirements for this such as repeated epitope.
Which class of antibody accounts for the bulk of circulating antibody?
IgG antibodies account for the bulk of circulating antibodies in the blood. They are the most abundant class of antibodies and play a crucial role in providing long-term immunity.
Where are Class II molecules found?
Presented by APCs as MHC-exogenous peptide complex
What is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen?
IgM is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen. It is produced during the initial immune response and helps to activate other components of the immune system.
What antibody class is most abundant in plasma is important in fixing complement and crosses the placenta to provide protection to a newborn?
The antibody class that is most abundant in plasma and is crucial for fixing complement is Immunoglobulin G (IgG). It is also the only antibody class that can cross the placenta, providing passive immunity to the newborn. This transfer of IgG helps protect the infant from infections during the early months of life.
What is the Role of a variable region of an antibody molecule?
Each antibody has a variable region at the top of the arms of the Y-Shaped structure of the antibody. These variable regions each have a different sequence of amino acids and therefore a different structure. This means that only specific antigens can bind to the binding sites - only those with a complementary shape. The antigen fits into the binding site by induced fit. Once the antigen has bound to the antibody it forms a highly specific antigen-antibody complex. Therefore the role of the variable region is to produce a specific binding site for each type of antigen.
Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
CD8+ T lymphocytes, also known as cytotoxic T cells, become cytotoxic when they are activated by presenting antigens on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. These cells play a key role in the immune response by directly killing infected or abnormal cells.
Function of plasma cell?
On B-cell activation by antigen, it proliferates into antibody secreting plasma cells and memory cells. Plasma cells function in adaptive immunity. Specific secreted antibodies by plasma cells then bind to extracellular microbes, block their ability to infect host cells and promote their ingestion and subsequent destruction by phagocytes.
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
Lymphocytes are part of the human body's innate immune system. Natural killer cells seek out and destroy foreign cells by distinguishing surface molecules of major histocompatibility complex class.
