Bending of the bone joints
Flexion and Extension
Flexion is when you flex your arms, thighs, and other muscles. Rotation is when you rotate your joints, bending or twisting you muscles.
During sprinting, there is a combination of flexion and extension movements at the joints. The hip joints undergo extension to propel the body forward, while the knee joints experience extension during the push-off phase and flexion during the swing phase. The ankle joints also undergo plantarflexion to push off the ground.
At the thoracic vertebrae, joints include the intervertebral joints between the individual vertebrae, the costovertebral joints where the ribs articulate with the vertebrae, and the costotransverse joints where the ribs articulate with the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
The flexor digitorum longus tendon allows for curling the ends of the toes. It originates in the calf and runs down the back of the leg to connect to the underside of the toes, enabling flexion at the toe joints.
The joints between the phalanges are classified as hinge joints. These joints allow movement in one plane, primarily flexion and extension.
Conyloid joints, also known as condyloid joints, are a type of synovial joint that allows movement in two planes. Examples include the wrist joint (radiocarpal joint), which permits flexion, extension, and limited rotation, and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers, allowing for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. These joints enable a range of motion while maintaining stability.
Walking up the stairs involves flexion at the hip and knee joints to lift the leg, as well as plantar flexion at the ankle joint to push off the ground. Additionally, there is extension at the hip and knee joints to move the body up the stairs.
Specifically ellipsoidal joints are joints in the body which by their shape and ligaments allow only flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.Rotation is impossible. The wristis an example of this type of joint.
The main joint involved in flexion of the knee is the hinge joint formed by the femur and tibia. Additionally, the patellofemoral joint between the patella and femur also plays a role in knee flexion by aiding in the smooth movement of the patella during flexion.
The biceps brachii muscle is primarily responsible for elbow flexion. It crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints and is a strong supinator of the forearm.