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It depends on how you read the question.

If the question is asking: How did the Romans' defeat of the Jews affect Jewish history?

After the second Jewish revolt, the emperor Hadrian came down hard on them. They were forbidden to even enter Jerusalem or to practice their religion. Many were enslaved, most were scattered away from their homeland.

If the question is asking: How did the capitulation of the Roman Empire (to the Vandals in the West and the Muslims in the East) affect Jewish history?

The downfall of the Western Roman Empire led to a period of incredible instability in numerous European Jewish communities. The Romans in the later centuries had continued to persecute Jews, but these persecutions were "even" for wont of a better term. The negative events were regular. The Gothic States throughout Western Europe would alternate between mild toleration and vicious pogroms. Jews were often forced to migrate northward and eastward into Germanic and Polish territories to seek anonymity. As the Catholic Church grew increasingly more powerful, a new wave of Jew-hatred spread across much of Europe. Some leaders, like Charlemagne ignored the Church's Anti-Semitism, but most complied leading to a European Jew-hatred around the turn of the millennium that would not be rivaled until the modern age.

In the East, the Byzantine Empire held onto the Levant region for only 150 more years, but the Byzantine Empire was a religiously zealous empire which continued discriminatory practices against the Jewish population. However, frequent Byzantine religious wars with the Persian Sassanids (who were Zoroastrian) weakened the Byzantine defenses sufficiently to allow the Arab Muslims to conquer the Levant and bring the former Byzantine Jews into the Muslim State. The Muslim Caliphates were, on the whole, generally more tolerant, relegating Jews to a second-class status where they could avoid pogroms as long as they did not offend Muslims. It was under Muslim occupation that Jews were able to practice their religion and compose major works of the Jewish religion such as Maimonides' commentaries.

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